Sunday, May 19, 2024

Locke, Lock, Loch, Lok, Loki and October 25

Wikipedia’s Deaths in 2024 today, May 19th, has two notable persons listed so far, with one standing out: 

Anyone following this blog over the last few days would see thatOctober 25 had cropped up several times, and so it cropping up AGAIN, is nothing short of astounding!!  However it really isn’t when you realize that it’s actually a strategy by a long hidden group— the inner twin parallel world. 

 “January 25, February 25(x3), __ …, August 25, __, October 25(x9),__, December 25(x3) …/ 25 Day, Month Sequence” pattern cluster.

 What also stands out is the “sale” in his surname… and cryptic “for sale”. Another thing that stood out from Bhosale’s wiki page is the following excerpt: 

He served as member of the Lok Sabha

The “Lok” connects to my recent May 17 post entitled: Washington States Lock or… State of Lock… or both?!

A definite “Lock Theme” pattern cluster  now in the works!! The word means “assembly/counsel”.  I had been thinking of the cryptic meaning of “lock”… and it occurred to me the similarity to “lox” which is salmon,… hmmm also interesting is all three letters in lox are the only ones that remain the same whether upside down or flipped over.  As well, investigating lox brings us to “lac”— resin produced by bugs…, and what makes that interesting is that just recently I investigated the “tamarisk” tree, … on investigating “manna” (can’t remember why— I believe for a recent post— the name man?! 

On investigating the “Lok Sabha”, I found this: 

The Lok Sabha (Lower house of the People) was duly constituted for the first time on 17 April 1952 after the first General Elections held from 25 October 1951 to 21 February 1952.

Yet another October 25th cropping up in timely fashion adding to the clusters re: “October 25(x10)” pattern cluster…; and  the now  “January 25, February 25(x3), __ …, August 25, __, October 25(x10),__, December 25(x3) …/ 25 Day, Month Sequence” pattern cluster.

Since the inner twin world are on a roll, and because “Loki’ (the Nordic trickster god) just crossed my mind, let’s venture to his wiki page.  AND to this excerpt— an illustration : 

A depiction of Lokasenna (1895) by Lorenz Frølich

Note from the artists wiki pages: 

Lorenz Frølich (25 October 1820 – 25 October 1908) was a Danish painter, illustrator, graphic artist and etcher.

WHOA!!  Not only was he born on October 25, he died on October 25!! Expanding the clusters AGAIN: : “October 25(x12)” pattern cluster…; and  the now  “January 25, February 25(x3), __ …, August 25, __, October 25(x12),__, December 25(x3) …/ 25 Day, Month Sequence” pattern cluster.

Note from the Loki wiki page: 

In various poems from the Poetic Edda (stanza 2 of Lokasenna, stanza 41 of Hyndluljóð, and stanza 26 of Fjölsvinnsmál), and sections of the Prose Edda (chapter 32 of Gylfaginning, stanza 8 of Haustlöng, and stanza 1 of Þórsdrápa) Loki is alternatively referred to as Loptr, which is generally considered derived from Old Norse lopt meaning "air", and therefore points to an association with the air.

Note this possible etymology of the name Loki: 

Meaning unknown, possibly derived from the Germanic root *luką meaning "lock".

_____________________________________________________________________________ 

Note the Inuit dictionary: 


Twin            Magguliak.


Two equals in size strength or power.      Naligek.


Outdoors      Silak.


Outer one     Silalik.


House.          Illuk.


Monster       Omajualuk.


Oh‑my‑gosh!(excalimation of feal or disgust, real or imagined)  Kuingâluk.


Wife             Nuliak.


Sexual intercourse      n. Nuliak.


Midwife's name for girls she has delivered.    Annaliak.


Middle child.     Akullik.


Shedding animal.    Unajualik.


Obey           v. Nâlak.


Object inside of ...       Ilulilik.


One alongside. n. Tullik.


Moving.       Aulak


Make dirty  Salumailik.


Make a meat cache     Ilijiuk.


Saw, cut        killuk.


Top.             Kulik.

Top             v. Kâk.


Newborn caribou calf  Aupilak.


Nipple          Mulik.


Member.      n. Ilak.


Window.       Igalâk.

Windpipe     Tutluk.


Set the table      Sâliuk.


Nostrils, nasal passages    Sullok.


Talk             UKâlak.

Talk of several things, discuss several things.    UKalagalâk.


Letter.          Allagak.

Letter in the alphabet     n. Allak.

Letters.       n. Allait.


Speaking       Nilliak.


What is the truth  Mitsilik.


Notice          Malugik;


Learn.          Ilik;

                    Ilinniak.


Say              v. UKak.

Say more     v. UKagiallak.


White coat seal      Pualulik.


Shiver           Olik;

                   v. Kilujik.


Tear             Alik;

                   v. Mappik.



Fart              Nilik;

                   v. Nilik.


Smelly, odorous     Tipalak.


Rectum.        Itluk


Intestine.      Inaluak.


Stomach pains n. Pullak.


Pit of the stomach.     Anngilik.


Prepare dried meat      Nikkuliuk


Spruce gum n. Kulliak.

Spruce partridge (Canachites canadensis)      AKiggilik.


Three‑toed woodpecker (Picoides tridactylus)  Tuggaluk.


Value.           Illigik.


square headed object    Kuatjulik.


That which is necessary.       Pigialik.


Wade or swim in water    Nalluk.


Win             v. SâlaKak.


Muskrat (Ondata zibethicus).     kiggaluk.

Mussel (mytilus edulis)     Uviluk


Wing feather     Suluk.

Wink            SiKullak.


Wiggle.         IKuigillâk;

                    IKuipilâk.


Neighbour.    Silalik;

                    Tullik.


Star              Ullugiak.


Starry night       Ullugialijak.

Start.            Ingiggâlak.


Start a fire.  Ikualaik.


Work.          Suliak.


caribou track going down to a lake      Nalluk.

Caribou's hind leg  Mimik.


.

Starve          v. Pillik.


Thinner        Salulik.


Steal             Tillik.


White screen used for seal hunting as a camouflage       Taluk.


Cap with a peak     TikKialik.


Ceiling          Kulâk.


Look up.      Âlluk.


Steamer (ie Northern Ranger)  Pujulik.


Stem of a plant     n. Kimilluk.


Remember from past experience.  Aulajik.


Stolen article or goods     Tilligâk.


Thankful      Kujalik.

That, further down.    kannanelik.


Throw and hit  Miluk.

Throw at     n. Milugiak.

Thumb         kulluk.

Thumb and index fingers (finger used to grip)   v. Putjuk.

Thumb tack.     kikiakuluk.

Thunder.      kalluk;

                   v. kalluk.


Straddle.       Allâk.


Suck             Milluak;


Sunny for a bit  SiKinigâgalâk.


Suntan          Palik.


Swipe           v. Tilligak.


Swollen         Pullik.


Swordfish (male), thrasher (female) (Killer whale, Orcinus orca)(n.).    v. Âlluk.


Take a step.      Alluk.


Twig             Kijukuluk;

                   n. Akiguk.


Too bad it is so small. Don't mention it.       ketaugaluak.

Too late       Upaluk

Follow          Malik.

Front flipper     Taliguk.

Grave.          Iluvik.

Tired.           Ingulak.

Gush             Puilak.


Hole.            Iluk.

Hole             killak;

                   v. Putuk.

Holy.            Hailiggi.


Lie down.     Inillak.

Lie down      Nalak.


Listen           Nâlak;


Learn.          Ilik;


Trousers.      Kallek.

Trout (Brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis).    Ânâdlik.

Trout fisherman. v. IKalunniak.

Trout or char (arctic char, Salvelinus alpinus).  IKaluk.


Light‑footed.  UKilak.

Lightning    v. Kaummalak.

Like.            Aliagik.


Lock            Palangaik.


Lord.            Nâligak.


Rule             n. Maligatsak.

Run.             Appalik.

Run down     Kulluk.

Rush (out of greed).    Pallak.


Make a face     v. Omilâk.

Make a hole      kilaik;

            

Make a meat cache     Ilijiuk.


Set the table      Sâliuk.


Make a noise     Nipalâk;

                    Pipvalâk.


Member.      n. Ilak.

Men convered in duck down who live at sea and warm themselves in the sun on the ice in the spring : Inuit traditional belief.       Mitilik.


Mitt             Pualuk.


Monster       Omajualuk.


Mope (pine grosbeak finch).     Isâluk.

Morning       Ullâk.


Not know it, to ignore it      Naluk.


Notice          Malugik;


Obey           v. Nâlak.


Outside jar (ring sea, pusa hispidal)      Najangalak.

Outside jar (starveling ring seal)     Taligusutuk.

Outside pair of mitts n. Silalik.

Overcoat.     Ulialuk.

Saddler (Great black‑backed gull, Larus marinus)  Kulelik.

Part.            n. Ilak.

Partner.       v. Ilik.

Part of the day or day time n. Ulluk.

Pear             Kuppalik.

Peninsula.     Itillik.

Penis            Naulik;

Persuade       Tiliugik.

Pieces of a whole  Ilakuit.

Pile one on top of another.       Kalilligek.

Place many different things in one place.    v. IliukKaik.

Plant that grows along the shore, eaten by Inuit. Beach greens (Beach sandwort, Honckenya peploides)    Tulligunnak.

Plastic.         Ilaijautitsak.

Plumbing pipe  Sullulik.


Pulls himself up.    NuKaguliapuk.

Pulse            Tillitâk.

Pump(for pressure lamp)      Pullaliutik.

Punishes.      Sugiannipuk.

Punt, flat‑bottomed row boat  Umiagâk.

Puppy          Kimmiagulak.

Purple sandpiper (Calidris maritima)  Tullik.


Put away     v. Pigiak;

                   v. Piulik.

Put in           Pok.

Put inside.    IliukKaik.


Raisin           Paunngâgulak.


Rectum.        Itluk.


Rising tide    Ulitsuak;

                   v. Ulik.


Roars (like thunder) ie. a lion or bear.      kallunguattuk.

Roasts it (in the oven).    Elilikapâk.

Robin (American robin, Turdus migratorius).   Ikkagilik.

Roof of mouth      n. Kilak.

Say              v. UKak.

Say more     v. UKagiallak.

Sea swells.     Ingiullik.


Seal hole in the ice, its entrance in the allu, the winter home visible in spring when the snow has melted.  kikkulik.

Seal hole, narrow on top       Nulattak.

Seal in it's second year, changing fur.  Saggalak.


Seal skin roof in a snow house n. Kulâk.


Seam            kiluk;

Second one.   Tullik;

Sinew.           Ivaluk.

Sky              v. Kilak.

Snow bird (Snow bunting, plectrophenas nivalis)            Amauligâk.

Snow blind.  Illuik.


Snow lark (Lapland Longspur, Calcarius lapponicus)      Nasauligâk.


Snowmobile track.     n. Aluk.

Snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus)     Ukaliatsiak.

Snowshoes   n. Talluk.


Sole.             Aluk.

Sole of a shoe, boot    Alak


Come to the surface of water (an inanimate object, a dead person or an animal)           Puggilak.


Command     Tilijaugusik;

                    Tilik;


Crave for.     Itliguk.


Crocodile      Kupitjualuk.


Crush            SiKulluk.


Cut               kipik;

                   v. Pilak.


Drag             kaliuk;

                   v. Uniak.

Drag your feet  kalikatâk.


Duck           v. Ulugiak.


Drum.           Anaullagak.


Finish cooking v. Kalak.

Finishes, polished the thong he is working on.  Âtsupâ.

Fir tree         Killagittuk.

Fire.             Ikumak;

                   v. Ikualak.


Fish or seal net     v. Nuluak.


High tide     n. Ulik.


Highest.        Kalipâk.


Hurt.            Ânnik;

                    Kasilik.


Hymnbook.      n. Allak.


Impetigo, scab, or eczema.  kalak.


Increase        Pivalliak;

                    Unulligiak.


Jacket          v. Ulik.


Jaw               Talluk.


Jelly; loan word from English.  Jilik.


Law              Maligatsak.


Lower jawbone.      Alliguk.


Make tighter    v. Palangaik.


Overcoat.     Ulialuk.

Overcome    SâlaKak.

Over‑curious person who asks too many questions  ApiKunik.

Overdo         Suvalluk.


Sauce pan.    Ipolik.


Saw, cut        killuk.


Sell.              Aullaik.


Set square     TigikKuliugutik.

Set the table      Sâliuk.


Sharp.           Ipittuk;

                    kenalik.

Sharpen.       Ipitsaik.

Sharpening iron, whetstone.      Ipitsauk.

Shatter         SiKallik.


Shedding animal.    Unajualik.


Sinew.           Ivaluk.

Sinew in reindeer's rack.  Uliut.


Skinny person.       Saluki.


Spool of thread.     Ivalutsatalik


Tie               Kilak;


Touch for a second     Tullak.


Tow.            kalik.


Top.             Kulik.

Top             v. Kâk.


_______________________________________________________________________________ 

Word Study re etymology:  

Note this etymology,… and the fact that many related words come from root “bhle-“ … and note at bottom of post words relating to this root are baleen and balluga … whales, … and other related words are flatulence (fart) , phlegm, ball, balloon, lac, shellac, bellows, follicle (bag), phallus, belly, blood, bless… 


folk (n.)

Old English folc "common people, laity; men; people, nation, tribe; multitude; troop, army," from Proto-Germanic *fulka- (source also of Old Saxon folc, Old Frisian folk, Middle Dutch volc, Dutch volk, Old High German folc, German Volk "people"). Perhaps originally "host of warriors:" Compare Old Norse folk "people," also "army, detachment;" and Lithuanian pulkas "crowd," Old Church Slavonic pluku "division of an army" (hence Russian polk "regiment"), both believed to have been borrowed from Proto-Germanic. Old English folcstede could mean both "dwelling-place" and "battlefield." According to Watkins, from PIE *ple-go-, suffixed form of root *pele- (1) "to fill," which would make it cognate with Greek plethos "people, multitude," and Latin plebes, "the populace, the common people." Boutkan thinks both the Germanic and Balto-Slavic could be a common borrowing from a substrate language.

Superseded in most senses by people. Generally a collective noun in Middle English, however plural folks is attested from 15c. Old English folc was commonly used in forming compounds (59 are listed in the Clark Hall dictionary), such as folccwide "popular saying," folcgemot "town or district meeting;" folcwoh "deception of the public." Modern use of folk as an adjective is from c. 1850 (see folklore).

 It is the hypothetical source of/evidence for its existence is provided by: Greek legein "to say, tell, speak, declare; to count," originally, in Homer, "to pick out, select, collect, enumerate;" lexis "speech, diction;" logos "word, speech, thought, account;" Latin legere "to gather, choose, pluck; read," lignum"wood, firewood," literally "that which is gathered," legare "to depute, commission, charge," lex "law" (perhaps "collection of rules"); Albanian mb-ledh "to collect, harvest;" Gothic lisan "to collect, harvest," Lithuanian lesti "to pick, eat picking;" Hittite less-zi "to pick, gather."

alexia (n.)

"inability to read" as a result of some mental condition, 1878, from Greek a- "not" (see a- (3)) + abstract noun from lexis "a speaking or reading," from legein "to speak," from PIE root *leg- (1) "to collect, gather," with derivatives meaning "to speak (to 'pick out words')."

*legwh-

Proto-Indo-European root meaning "not heavy, having little weight."

It forms all or part of: alleviate; alleviation; alto-rilievo; carnival; elevate; elevation; elevator; leaven; legerdemain; leprechaun; Levant; levator; levee; lever; levity; levy (v.) "to raise or collect;" light (adj.1) "not heavy, having little weight;" lighter (n.1) "type of barge used in unloading;" lung; relevance; relevant; releve; relief; relieve 

 

lung (n.)

"human or animal respiratory organ," c. 1300, from Old English lungen (plural), from Proto-Germanic *lunganjo- (source also of Old Norse lunge, Old Frisian lungen, MiddleDutch longhe, Dutch long, Old High German lungun, German lunge "lung"), literally "the light organ," from PIE root *legwh- "not heavy, having little weight" (source also of Russian lëgkij, Polish lekki "light;" Russian lëgkoje "lung").

 

tell (v.)

Middle English tellen, "speak, talk, say; count, reckon," from Old English tellan "reckon, calculate, number, compute; consider, think, esteem, account" (past tense tealde, past participle teald), from Proto-Germanic *taljan "mention in order" (source also of Old Saxon tellian "tell," Old Norse telja "to count, number; to tell, say," Old Frisian tella "to count; to tell 

 

*leg- (1)

Proto-Indo-European root meaning "to collect, gather," with derivatives meaning "to speak" on the notion of "to gather words, to pick out words."

It forms all or part of: alexiaanalectsanalogousanalogueanalogyanthologyapologeticapologueapologycataloguecoilcolleaguecollectcollegecollegialDecaloguedelegatedialectdialoguediligence;doxologydyslexiaeclecticeclogueelectelectionepiloguehapax legomenonhomologoushorologyideologueidiolectintelligencelecternlectio difficiliorlectionlectorlectureleech (n.2) "physician;" legacylegallegatelegendlegiblelegionlegislatorlegitimatelessonlexiconligneousligni-logarithmlogiclogisticlogo-logogriphlogopoeiaLogos-logue-logyloyalmonologueneglectneologismphilologyprivilegeprolegomenonprologuerelegatesacrilegeselectsyllogismtautologytrilogy.


language (n.)

late 13c., langage "words, what is said, conversation, talk," from Old French langage "speech, words, oratory; a tribe, people, nation" (12c.), from Vulgar Latin *linguaticum, from Latin lingua"tongue," also "speech, language" (from PIE root *dnghu- "tongue"). The -u- is an Anglo-French insertion (see gu-); it was not originally pronounced.


hoi polloi (n.)

1837, from Greek hoi polloi (plural) "the people," literally "the many" (plural of polys, from PIE root *pele- (1) "to fill").

 

 employ (v.)

early 15c., "apply or devote (something to some purpose); expend or spend," from Old French emploiier (12c.) "make use of, apply; increase; entangle; devote," from Latin implicare "enfold, involve, be connected with, unite, associate," from assimilatedform of in- (from PIE root *en"in") + plicare "to fold" (from PIE root *plek- "to plait").

 

pull (v.)

c. 1300 (mid-13c. in surnames), "to move or try to move forcibly by pulling, to drag forcibly or with effort," from Old English pullian "to pluck off (wool), to draw out," a word of unknown origin, perhaps related to Low German pulen "remove the shell or husk," Frisian pûlje "to shell, husk," 

 

select (adj.)

1560s, "chosen on account of special excellence or fitness," from Latin selectus, past participle of seligere "choose out, single out, select; separate, cull," from se- "apart" (see se-) + legere "to gather, select" (from PIE root *leg- (1) "to collect, gather").

 

laic (adj.)

1560s, "belonging to the people" (as distinguished from the clergy and the professionals), from French laïque (16c.), from Late Latin laicus, from Greek laikos "of or belonging to the people," from laos"people" (see lay (adj.)).


lay (v.)

"to cause to lie or rest," Old English lecgan "to place on the ground (or other surface); place in an orderly fashion," also "put down" (often by striking), from Proto-Germanic *lagojanan (source also of Old Saxon leggian, Old Norse leggja, Old Frisian ledza, Middle Dutch legghan, Dutch leggen, Old High German lecken, German legen, Gothic lagjan "to lay, put, place"), from PIE root *legh- "to lie down, lay." This is the causative form of the ancient Germanic verb that became modern English lie


lie (v.1)

"speak falsely, tell an untruth for the purpose of misleading," Middle English lien, from Old English leganligan, earlier leogan "deceive, belie, betray" (class II strong verb; past tense leag, past participle logen), from Proto-Germanic *leuganan (source also of Old Norse ljuga, Danish lyve, Old Frisian liaga, Old Saxon and Old High German liogan, German lügen, Gothic liugan), a word of uncertain etymology, with possible cognates in Old Church Slavonic lugati, Russian luigatĭ; not found in Latin, Greek, or Sanskrit.


fly (v.1)

"to soar through air; move through the air with wings," Old English fleogan "to fly, take flight, rise into the air" (class II strong verb; past tense fleag, past participle flogen), from Proto-Germanic *fleugan"to fly" (source also of Old Saxon fliogan, Old Frisian fliaga, Middle Dutch vlieghen, Dutch vliegen, Old High German fliogan, German fliegen, Old Norse flügja), from PIE *pleuk-, extended form of root *pleu- "to flow." 

 cataplexy (n.)

"sudden nervous shock and paralysis, the state of an animal when it is feigning death," 1880, Latinized and Anglicized from German Kataplexie (1878), from Greek kataplexis "stupefaction, amazement, consternation," from kataplēssein "to strike down" (with fear, etc.), fromkata"down" (see cata-) + plēssein "to strike, hit" (from PIE root *plak- (2) "to strike").


placate (v.)

"appease or pacify," 1670s, a back-formation from placation or else from Latin placatus "soothed, quiet, gentle, calm, peaceful," past participle of placare "to calm, appease, quiet, soothe, assuage," causative of placere "to please" (see please).

seal (n.2)

"fish-eating marine mammal with flippers; any pinniped not a walrus," Middle English sele, from Old English seolh "seal," from Proto-Germanic *selkhaz (compare Old Norse selr, Swedish sjöl


holy (adj.)

Old English halig "holy, consecrated, sacred; godly; ecclesiastical," from Proto-Germanic *hailaga-(source also of Old Norse heilagr, Danish hellig, Old Frisian helich "holy," Old Saxon helag, Middle Dutch helich, Old High German heilag, German heilig, Gothic hailags "holy"), from PIE *kailo-"whole, uninjured" (see health).


scale (n.1)

[one of the skin plates on fish or snakes] c. 1300, from Old French escale "cup, scale, shell pod, husk" (12c., Modern French écale), from Frankish *skala or some other Germanic source, from Proto-Germanic *skæla "to split, divide" (source also of Dutch schaal "a scale, husk," Old High German scala"shell," Gothic skalja "tile," Old English scealu "shell, husk"), from PIE root *skel- (1) "to cut." A prehistoric cognate of scale (n.2) "weighing instrument."


lace (n.)

early 13c., laz, "cord made of braided or interwoven strands of silk, etc.," from Old French laz "a net, noose, string, cord, tie, ribbon, or snare" (Modern French lacs), from Vulgar Latin *lacium, from Latin laqueum (nominative laqueus) "a noose, a snare" (source also of Italian laccio, Spanish lazo, English lasso), a trapping and hunting term, probably from Italic base *laq- "to ensnare" (compare Latin lacere "to entice").

slick (v.)

Middle English sliken "to smooth, polish," from Old English -slician (in nigslicod "newly made sleek"), from Proto-Germanic *slikojan, from *slikaz "sleek, smooth" (source also of Old Norse slikr "smooth," Old High German slihhan "to glide," German schleichen "to creep, crawl, sneak," Dutch slijk "mud, mire"). This is reconstructed to be from PIE *sleig- "to smooth, glide, be muddy, spread," from root *(s)lei- "slimy" (see slime (n.))


clay (n.)

Old English clæg "stiff, sticky earth; clay," from Proto-Germanic *klaijaz (source also of Old High German kliwa "bran," German Kleie, Old Frisian klai, Old Saxon klei, Middle Dutch clei, Danish klæg"clay;" also Old English clæman, Old Norse kleima, Old High German kleiman "to cover with clay").  Some sources see these as being from a common PIE root meaning "slime; glue" also forming words for "clay" and verbs for "stick together." Compared words include Latin gluten "glue, beeswax;" Greek gloios "sticky matter;"


blow (v.1)

"move air, produce a current of air," Middle English blouen, from Old English blawan "to blow (of the wind, bellows, etc.), breathe, make an air current; kindle; inflate; sound" a wind instrument (class VII strong verb; past tense bleow, past participle blawen), from Proto-Germanic *blæ-anan (source of Old High German blaen, German blähen), according to Watkins from PIE root *bhle- "to blow."

 blow (v.2)

"to bloom, blossom, put forth flowers" (intransitive), from Old English blowan "to flower, blossom, flourish," from Proto-Germanic *blæ- (source also of Old Saxon bloian, Old Frisian bloia, Middle Dutch and Dutch bloeien, Old High German bluoen, German blühen), from PIE root *bhel- (3) "to thrive, bloom."

 

black (adj.)

Old English blæc "absolutely dark, absorbing all light, of the color of soot or coal," from Proto-Germanic *blakaz "burned" (source also of Old Norse blakkr "dark," OldHigh German blah "black," Swedish bläck "ink," Dutch blaken "to burn"), from PIE *bhleg- "to burn, gleam, shine, flash" (source also of Greek phlegein "to burn, scorch," Latin flagrare "to blaze, glow, burn"), from root *bhel- (1) "to shine, flash, burn." 

 The same root produced Middle English blake "pale," from Old English blac "bright, shining, glittering, pale;" the connecting notions being, perhaps, "fire" (bright) and "burned" (dark), or perhaps "absence of color." According to OED, in Middle English "it is often doubtful whether blacblakblake, means 'black, dark,' or 'pale, colourless, wan, livid' "; and the surname Blake can mean either "one of pale complexion" or "one of dark complexion." 

 

bell (n.)

"hollow metallic instrument which rings when struck," Old English belle, which has cognates in Middle Dutch belle, Middle Low German belle but is not found elsewhere in Germanic (except as a borrowing); perhaps from an imitative PIEroot *bhel- "to sound, roar" (compare Old English bellan"to roar," and see bellow).


billow (n.)

"a great wave or surge of the sea," 1550s, perhaps older in dialectal use (butnot recorded in Middle English), from Old Norse bylgja "a wave, a billow," from Proto-Germanic *bulgjan (source also of Swedish bölja, Danish bölge "a billow," Middle High German bulge "a billow; a bag"), from PIE *bhelgh- "to swell," extended form of root *bhel- (2) "to blow, swell."


bulge (n.)

c. 1200, "a wallet, leather bag," from Old French bougeboulge "wallet, pouch, leather bag," or directly from Latin bulga "leather sack," from PIE *bhelgh- "to swell," extended form of root *bhel- (2) "to blow, swell." Transferred sense of "a swelling, a rounded protuberance" is recorded by 1620s. Bilge(q.v.) might be a nautical variant.


flatulent (adj.)

"affected by digestive gas," 1590s, from French flatulent (16c.), from Modern Latin flatulentus, from Latin flatus "a blowing, breathing, snorting; a breaking wind," past participle of flare "to blow, puff," from PIE root *bhle- "to blow."

 

phlegm (n.)

late 14c., fleem, fleume, "viscid mucus, discharge from a mucous membrane of the body," also the name of one of the four bodily humors, from Old French fleume (13c., Modern French flegme), from Late Latin phlegma, one of the four humors of the body, from Greek phlegma "morbid, clammy bodily humor caused by heat;" literally "inflammation, flame, fire, heat," from phlegein "to burn," related to phlox (genitive phlogos) "flame, blaze," from PIE *bhleg- "to shine, flash," from root *bhel- (1) "to shine, flash, burn."


please (v.)

c. 1300, plesen, "to please or satisfy (a deity), propitiate, appease," from Old French plaisir "to please, give pleasure to, satisfy" (11c., Modern French plaire, the form of which is perhaps due to analogy of faire), from Latin placere "to be acceptable, be liked, be approved," related to placare "to soothe, quiet" (source of Spanish placer, Italian piacere), from PIE *pl(e)hk- "to agree, be pleasant," with cognates in Tocharian plak- "to agree," plaki "permission."

loft (n.)

"an upper chamber," c. 1300, an extended sense from late Old English loft "the sky; the sphere of the air," from Old Norse lopt (Scandinavian -pt- pronounced like -ft-) "air, sky," originally "upper story, loft, attic," from Proto-Germanic *luftuz "air, sky" (source also of Old English lyft, Dutch lucht, Old High German luft, German Luft, Gothic luftus "air").

 In English, air replaced native lyftluft (see loft (n.))

 

lactose (n.)

sugar from milk, 1843, from French, coined 1843 by French chemist Jean Baptiste André Dumas (1800-1884) from Latin lac (genitive lactis) "milk" (from PIE root *g(a)lag- "milk")

 

 

lac (n.)

"red resinous substance," 1550s, perhaps immediately from French lacce, displacing or absorbing earlier lacca (early 15c.), from Medieval Latin lacca. All these are from Persian lak, from Hindi lakh(Prakrit lakkha), from Sanskrit laksha "red dye," which is of uncertain origin. According to Klein, it means literally "one hundred thousand" and is a reference to the insects that gather in great numbers on the trees and create the resin. But others say lakh is perhaps an alteration of Sanskrit rakh, from an IE root word for "color, dye" [Watkins]. Still another guess is that Sanskrit laksha is related to English lax, lox "salmon," and the substance perhaps was so called from being somewhat the color of salmon [Barnhart]. Also see shellac (n.).


 

shellac (n.)

also shell lac, "lac melted and formed into thin plates," 1713, from shell (n.) + lac; so called for its form. It translates French laque en écailles "lac in thin plates." Commercially, lac came as stick lac(still on the twigs, insects and all), seed-lac (resin without the twigs and insects, partly processed), and fully processed plates of shell lac.

 From the Shellac wiki page:

The number of lac bugs required to produce 1 kilogram (2.2 lb) of shellac has variously been estimated between 50,000 and 300,000.[10][11] The root word lakh is a unit in the Indian numbering system for 100,000 and presumably refers to the huge numbers of insects that swarm on host trees, up to 150 per square inch (23/cm2).[12]

 So the lac collected was likely the first money, and hence why it became associated with Indian currency. 

lock (n.1)

"means of fastening," Old English loc "bolt, appliance for fastening a door, lid, etc.; barrier, enclosure; bargain, agreement, settlement, conclusion," from Proto-Germanic *lukana-, a verbal root meaning "to close" (source also of Old Frisian lok "enclosure, prison, concealed place," Old Norse lok "fastening, lock," Gothic usluks "opening,"

lock (n.2)

"tress of hair," Old English locc "lock of hair, curl" (plural loccas), from Proto-Germanic *lukkoz(source also of Old Norse lokkr, Old Saxon, Old Frisian, Dutch lok, Old High German loc, German Locke "lock of hair"), a word of uncertain origin. According to OED, perhaps from a PIE *lugnos- and related to Greek lygos "pliant twig, withe," Lithuanian lugnas "flexible" (see reluctance).

 

loch (n.)

late 14c., from Gaelic loch "lake, lake-like body," includingthe narrow, nearly land-locked arms of the sea found in the glacier-scoured landscape of west Scotland; cognate with Old Irish loch "body of water, lake," Breton lagen, Anglo-Irish lough, Latin lacus (see lake (n.1)). 

 

leaf (n.)

Old English leaf "leaf of a plant, foliage; page of a book, sheet of paper," from Proto-Germanic*lauba-(source also of Old Saxon lof, Old Norse lauf, Old Frisian laf, Dutch loof, Old High German loub, German Laub "foliage, leaves," Gothic laufs "leaf, foliage"), perhaps from PIE *leub(h)- "to peel off, strip or break off" ((source also of Old Irish luib, "herb," lub-gort "garden;" Albanian labë "rind, cork;" Lithuanian luba "plank, board;" Russian lob "forehead, brow," Czech leb "skull;" Lithuanian luobas"bast," Latvian luobas "peel," Russian lub "bast;" Old Norse lyf "medicinal herbs," Old English lybb"poison; magic").

leave (v.)

Old English læfan "to allow to remain in the same state or condition; to let remain, allow to survive; to have left (of a deceased person, in reference to heirs, etc.); to bequeath (a heritage)," from Proto-Germanic *laibjanan (source also of Old Frisian leva "to leave," Old Saxon farlebid"left over"), causative of *liban "remain" (source of Old English belifan, German bleiben, Gothic bileiban "to remain"), from PIE root *leip- "to stick, adhere."

 

*plak- (2)

*plāk-, Proto-Indo-European root meaning "to strike."

It is the hypothetical source of/evidence for its existence is provided by: Greek plazein "to drive away," plēssein "to beat, strike;" Latin plangere "to strike, lament;" Old English flocan "to strike, beat;" Gothic flokan "to bewail;" German fluchen, Old Frisian floka "to curse."

lift (v.)

c. 1200, "elevate in rank or dignity, exalt;" c. 1300, "to raise from the ground or other surface, pick up; erect, set in place," also intransitive, "to rise in waves;" early 14c., "remove (someone or something) from its place," from Old Norse lypta "to raise" (Scandinavian -pt- pronounced like -ft-), from Proto-Germanic *luftijan (source also of Middle Low German lüchten, Dutch lichten, German lüften "to lift"), a Proto-Germanic verb from the general Germanic noun for "air, sky, upper regions, atmosphere" (see loft (n.)), giving the verb an etymological sense of "to move up into the air."

 

look (v.)

Old English locian "use the eyes for seeing, gaze, look, behold, spy," from West Germanic *lokjan(source also of Old Saxon lokon "see, look, spy," Middle Dutch loeken "to look," Old High German luogen, German dialectal lugen "to look out"), a word of unknown origin. Breton lagud "eye" has been suggested as a possible cognate.

alight (v.)

"to descend (from horseback, etc.), dismount," Middle English alighten, from Old Englishalihtan"alight," originally "to lighten, take off, take away," from a- "down, aside" (see a- (1)) + lihtan "get off, make light" (see light (v.)). 


light (n.)

"brightness, radiant energy, that which makes things visible," Old English leht (Anglian), leoht (West Saxon), "light, daylight; spiritual illumination," from Proto-Germanic *leukhtam (source also of Old Saxon lioht, Old Frisian liacht, Middle Dutch lucht, Dutch licht, Old High German lioht, German Licht, Gothic liuhaþ "light"), from PIE root *leuk- "light, brightness." 


light (adj.1)

"not heavy, having little actual weight," from Old English leoht (West Saxon), leht (Anglian), "not heavy, light in weight; lightly constructed; easy to do, trifling; quick, agile," also of food, sleep, etc., from Proto-Germanic *lingkhtaz (source also of Old Norse lettr, Swedish lätt, Old Frisian, Middle Dutch licht, German leicht, Gothic leihts), from PIE root *legwh- "not heavy, having little weight." The adverb is Old English leohte, from the adjective.


 light (v.1)

"to touch down," as a bird from flight, "get down or descend," as a person from horseback, from Old English lihtan "to alight; to alleviate, make less heavy," from Proto-Germanic *linkhtijan, literally "to make light," from *lingkhtaz "not heavy" (see light (adj.1)). Apparently the etymological sense is "to dismount" (a horse, etc.), and thus relieve it of one's weight."

 

flight (n.1)

"act of flying," Old English flyht "a flying, act or power of flying," from Proto-Germanic *flukhtiz(source also of Dutch vlucht "flight of birds," Old Norse flugr, Old High German flug, German Flug"flight"), from Proto-Germanic *flugti-, suffixed form of PIE root *pleu- "to flow."

 

plight (v.)

"to pledge, engage by solemn promise" (obsolete except in archaic plight one's troth), Middle English plighten, from Old English pligtanplihtan "to endanger, imperil, compromise," verb form of pliht (n.) "danger, risk" (see plight (n.2)), from Proto-Germanic *plehti-, which ultimately is perhaps from PIE root *dlegh- "to engage oneself, be or become fixed," or else a substratum word. The notion is "to put (something -- honor, troth) in danger or risk of forfeiture;" it is rarely used of physical things. Related: Plightedplighting.

plight (n.1)

late Old English pliht, "danger, harm, trouble; strife," from Anglo-French plit, pleit, Old French pleit, ploit "condition" (13c.), originally "way of folding," from Vulgar Latin *plictum, from Latin plicitum, neuter past participle of Latin plicare "to fold, lay" (from PIE root *plek- "to plait"). A doublet of plait (n.). 

 

love (n.)

Old English lufu "feeling of love; romantic sexual attraction; affection; friendliness; the love of God; Love as an abstraction or personification," from Proto-Germanic *lubo (source also of Old High German liubi "joy," German Liebe "love;" Old Norse, Old Frisian, Dutch lof; German Lob "praise;" Old Saxon liof, Old Frisian liaf, Dutch lief, Old High German liob, German lieb, Gothic liufs "dear, beloved"). The Germanic words are from PIE root *leubh- "to care, desire, love


life (n.)

Old English life (dative lif) "animated corporeal existence; lifetime, period between birthand death; the history of an individual from birth to death, written account of a person's life; way of life (good or bad); condition of being a living thing, opposite of death; spiritual existence imparted by God, through Christ, to the believer," from Proto-Germanic *leiban (source also of Old Norse lif "life, body," Old Frisian, Old Saxon lif "life, person, body," Dutch lijf "body," Old High German lib "life," German Leib"body"), properly "continuance, perseverance," from PIE root *leip- "to stick, adhere." 

 

leap (v.)

c. 1200, from Old English hleapan "to jump, spring clear of the ground by force of an initial bound; run, go; dance, leap upon (a horse)" (class VII strong verb; past tense hleop, past participle hleapen), from Proto-Germanic *hlaupanan (source also of Old Saxon hlopan, Old Norse hlaupa, Old Frisian hlapa, Dutch lopen, Old High German hlouffan, German laufen "to run," Gothic us-hlaupan "to jump up"), of uncertain origin

 

clip (v.2)

"fasten, hold together by pressure," also (mostly archaic) "to embrace," from Old English clyppan "to embrace, clasp; surround; prize, honor, cherish," from Proto-Germanic *kluppjan (source also of Old Frisian kleppa "to embrace, love," Old High German klaftra, German klafter "fathom" (on notion of outstretched arms). Also compare Lithuanian glėbys "armful," globti "to embrace." 

flock (n.2)

"tuft of wool," mid-13c., also found in continental Germanic and Scandinavian, all probably from Old French floc, from Latin floccus "tuft of wool, lock of hair," a word of unknown origin.

flock (v.)

c. 1300 "gather, congregate" (intransitive), from flock (n.1). Related: Flockedflocking.

 block (v.1)

"obstruct, hinder passage from or to," 1590s, from French bloquer "to block, stop up," from Old French bloc "log, block of wood" (see block (n.1)).

 

slough (n.1)

"muddy place in a road or way, mudhole, swamp, deep quagmire," Middle English slough, from Old English sloh "soft, muddy ground," a word of uncertain origin. Compare Middle Low German sloch"muddy place," Middle High German sluoche "ditch." Figurative use (in reference to moral sunkenness) is attested from mid-13c.; Bunyan's "Slough of Despond" is 1678.

slough (v.)

1720, intransitive, "come off as slough;" 1762, transitive, "to cast off" (as the skin of a snake or other animal), from the Middle English noun slough "shed skin of a snake" (see slough (n.)).

slack (v.)

1510s, transitive, "to moderate, make slack," a back-formation from slack (adj.) after the original verb in this sense, slake (q.v.), veered into a specialized sense.

plaque (n.)

1848, "ornamental plate or tablet," from French plaque "metal plate, coin" (15c.), perhaps through Flemish placke "small coin," from Middle Dutch placke "disk, patch, stain,"


latch (v.)

Old English læccan "to grasp or seize, catch hold of," also "comprehend," from Proto-Germanic *lakkijanan. Not found in other Germanic languages; according to Watkins probably from PIE *(s)lagw- "to seize" (see lemma). In its original sense the verb was paralleled and then replaced by French import catch (v.)

leak (v.)

"to let water in or out" [Johnson], late 14c., from Middle Dutch leken "to drip, to leak," or from Old Norse leka, both of them related to Old English leccan "to moisten, water, irrigate" (which did not survive into Middle English), all from Proto-Germanic *lek- "deficiency" (source also of Old High German lecchen "to become dry," German lechzen "to be parched with thirst"), from PIE root *leg- (2) "to dribble, trickle." 

cloak (n.)

late 13c., "long, loose outer garment without sleeves," from Old North French cloque (Old French clochecloke) "traveling cloak," from Medieval Latin clocca "travelers' cape," literally "a bell," so called from the garment's bell-like shape (the word is thus a doublet of clock (n.1)).

 

flake (n.)

"thin flat piece of snow; a particle," early 14c., also flauke, flagge, which is of uncertain origin, possibly from Old English *flacca "flakes of snow," or from cognate Old Norse flak "flat piece," from Proto-Germanic *flakaz (source also of Middle Dutch vlac, Dutch vlak "flat, level," Middle High German vlach, German Flocke "flake"); from PIE root *plak- (1) "to be flat." 


bleach (v.)

Middle English blechen, from Old English blæcan, of cloth or fabric, "to make white by removing color, whiten" (by exposure to chemical agents or the sun), from Proto-Germanic *blaikjan "to make white" (source also of Old Saxon blek, Old Norse bleikr, Dutch bleek, Old High German bleih, German bleich "pale;" Old Norse bleikja, Dutch bleken, German bleichen "to make white, cause to fade"), from PIE root *bhel- (1) "to shine, flash, burn," also "shining white."

The same root probably produced black (q.v.), perhaps because both black and white are colorless, or because both are associated in different ways with burning. For the contrary senses, compare Old English scimian, meaning both "to shine" and "to dim, grow dusky, grow dark," which is related to the source of shine.

The intransitive sense of "become white" is from 1610s. Related: Bleached; bleaching. The past participle in Middle English was sometimes blaught 

 plucky (adj.)1831, colloquial, "spirited, courageous," from pluck (n.) in the "courage" sense + -y (2). Related: Pluckily; pluckiness.


bhel- (1)

Proto-Indo-European root meaning "to shine, flash, burn," also "shining white" and forming words for bright colors.

It forms all or part of: belugaBeltaneblackblancmangeblanchblankblanketblaze(n.1) "bright flame, fire;" bleachbleakblemishblenchblendeblendblindblindfoldblitzkriegblondblue (adj.1); blushconflagrationdeflagrationeffulgenceeffulgentflagrantflambeflambeauflamboyantflameflamingoflammableFlavianFlaviusfulgentfulminateinflameinflammablephlegmphlegmaticphlogistonphloxpurblindrefulgentriboflavin.

It is the hypothetical source of/evidence for its existence is provided by: Sanskrit bhrajate "shines;" Greek phlegein "to burn;" Latin flamma "flame," fulmen "lightning," fulgere "to shine, flash," flagrare"to burn, blaze, glow;" Old Church Slavonic belu "white;" Lithuanian balnas "pale."

*bhel- (2)

Proto-Indo-European root meaning "to blow, swell," "with derivatives referring to various round objects and to the notion of tumescent masculinity" [Watkins].

It forms all or part of: bale (n.) "large bundle or package of merchandise prepared for transportation;" baleenball (n.1) "round object, compact spherical body;" balloonballotbawdboldbolebollbollocksbollixboulderboulevardbowl (n.) "round pot or cup;" bulkbull (n.1) "bovine male animal;" bullockbulwarkfolliclefollyfoolfoosballfull (v.) "to tread or beat cloth to cleanse or thicken it;" ithyphallicpall-mallphallus.

It is the hypothetical source of/evidence for its existence is provided by: Greek phyllon "leaf," phallos"swollen penis;" Latin flos "flower," florere "to blossom, flourish," folium "leaf;" Old Prussian balsinis"cushion;" Old Norse belgr "bag, bellows;" Old English bolla "pot, cup, bowl;" Old Irish bolgaim "I swell," blath "blossom, flower," bolach "pimple," bolg "bag;" Breton bolc'h "flax pod;" Serbian buljiti"to stare, be bug-eyed;" Serbo-Croatian blazina "pillow."

An extended form of the root, *bhelgh- "to swell," forms all or part of: bellowsbellybilgebillowbolsterbudgetbulgeExcaliburFirbolgs.

An extended form of the root, *bhleu- "to swell, well up, overflow," forms all or part of: affluentbloatconfluenceeffluenteffluviumeffluxfluctuatefluentfluidflumefluorfluorescencefluoridefluoro-flush (v.1) "spurt, rush out suddenly, flow with force;" fluvialfluxinfluenceinfluenzainfluxmellifluousphloemrefluxsuperfluous.

*bhel- (3)

Proto-Indo-European root meaning "to thrive, bloom," possibly a variant of PIE root *bhel- (2) "to blow, swell."

It forms all or part of: bladebleedblessbloodblow (v.2) "to bloom, blossom;" bloom (n.1) "blossom of a plant;" bloom (n.2) "rough mass of wrought iron;" blossomcauliflowerchervilcinquefoildeflowerdefoliationeffloresceexfoliatefeuilletonflorafloralfloretfloridflorinfloristflourflourishflowerfoil (n.) "very thin sheet of metal;" foliagefoliofoliumgillyflowerPhyllisphyllo-portfoliotrefoil.

It is the hypothetical source of/evidence for its existence is provided by: Greek phyllon "leaf;" Latin flos "flower," foliofolium "leaf;" Middle Irish blath, Welsh blawd "blossom, flower;" Gaelic bile"leaflet, blossom;" Old English blowan "to flower, bloom."


 hove (v.2)

"to rise up, to swell," 1590s, evidently from heave (v.), perhaps from its past tense form hove


 

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