Word Study

 On the Translate How site, these two words, to and by, stand out due to similarities in other languages: 

Enlish	Spanish	Portuguese	French	German	Turkish	Russian	Arabic	Japanase	Hindu	Chinese
to	a	para	pour	Zu	ile	к	ل
by	por	por	par	von	ile	к	بواسطة	に	द्वारा	经过

by (prep., adv.)

Old English be- (unstressed) or bi (stressed) "near, in, by, during, about," from Proto-Germanic *bi"around, about," in compounds often merely intensive (source also of Old Saxon and Old Frisian bi"by, near," Middle Dutch bie, Dutch bij, German bei "by, at, near," Gothic bi "about"), from PIE *bhi, reduced form of root *ambhi- "around."

pour (v.)

"to cause (liquid or granular substance) to flow or stream either out of a vessel or into one," c. 1300, of unknown origin. Not in Old English; perhaps from Old French (Flanders dialect) purer "to sift (grain), pour out (water)," from Latin purare "to purify," from purus "pure" (see pure).

pore (n.)

late 14c., "minute opening, small orifice, or perforation" in the earth, a tree, the body of a human, animal, or insect, a bone, etc.," from Old French pore (14c.) and directly from Latin porus "a pore," from Greek poros "a pore," literally "passage, way" (from PIE *poro- "passage, journey," suffixed form of PIE root *per- (2) "to lead, pass over").

fur (n.)

late 14c. "trimming or lining of a garment" (implied c. 1300 in surname Furhode "fur hood"), probably from Old French forrer, fourrer "cover with fur, line (clothing)," in general "to cover, fill with," from fuerre "sheath, scabbard" (via notion of "covering"), from Frankish *fodr or another Germanic source, from Proto-Germanic *fodram "sheath" (source also of Old Frisian foder "coat lining," Old High German fotar "a lining," German Futter, Gothic fodr "sword sheath"), from PIE root *pa- "to feed, protect."

fore (adv., prep.)

Old English fore (prep.) "before, in front of, in presence of; because of, for the sake of; earlier in time; instead of;" as an adverb, "before, previously, formerly, once," from Proto-Germanic *fura "before" (source also of Old Saxon fora, Old Frisian fara, Old High German fora, German vor, Danish for, Old Norse fyrr, Gothic faiura "for"), from PIE *prae-, extended form of root *per- (1) "forward," hence "in front of, before."

par (n.)

1620s, "equality in value or circumstances," also "value of one currency in terms of another," from Latin par "equal, equal-sized, well-matched," also as a noun, "that which is equal, equality," a word of unknown and disputed origin. De Vaan is noncommittal. Watkins suggests perhaps from PIE root *pere- (2) "to grant, allot," with suggestion of reciprocality. Another guess connects it with PIE root *per- (5) "to traffic in, sell

parka (n.)

1780, "hooded outer garment made of skins, worn by Eskimos," from Aleut parka, from Russian parka "a pelt or jacket made from pelt," which is said to be from Samoyed, a Uralic language spoken in Siberia. 

part (n.)

mid-13c., "division, portion of a whole, element or constituent (of something)," from Old French part"share, portion; character; power, dominion; side, way, path," from Latin partem (nominative pars) "a part, piece, a share, a division; a party or faction; a part of the body; a fraction; a function, office," related to portio "share, portion," from PIE root *pere- (2) "to grant, allot.

port (n.1)

"a bay, cove, inlet, or recess of a large body of water where vessels can load and unload and find shelter from storms; a harbor, whether natural or artificial," Old English port "a port, harbor, a place where there is a constant resort of vessels for the purpose of loading and unloading;" also "a town, market town, city," reinforced by Old French port "harbor, port; mountain pass." The Old English and Old French words both are from Latin portus "a port, harbor," figuratively "haven, place of refuge, asylum" (in Old Latin also "a house;" in Late Latin also "a warehouse"), originally "an entrance, a passage," akin to porta "a city gate, a gate, a door" (from PIE *prtu- "a going, a passage," suffixed form of root *per- (2) "to lead, pass over").

parch (v.)

late 14c., "to roast or dry" (peas, beans, corn, etc.), a word of uncertain origin. Klein and OED reject derivations from Old North French perchier (Old French percer) "to pierce" and Latin persiccare "to dry thoroughly." Century Dictionary, The Middle English Compendium, and Barnhart suggest it could be from Middle English perchen, a variant of perishen "to perish" (see perish).

perish (v.)

late 13c., perishen, "to die, be killed, pass away; suffer spiritual death, be damned," from periss-present participle stem of Old French perir "perish, be lost, be shipwrecked" (12c.), from Latin perire"to be lost, perish," literally "to go through," from per "through, completely, to destruction" (from PIE root *per- (1) "forward," hence "through") + ire "to go" (from PIE root *ei- "to go").

park (n.)

mid-13c., "tract of land enclosed as a preserve for beasts of the chase," from Old French parc "enclosed wood or heath land used as a game preserve" (12c.), probably ultimately from West Germanic *parruk"enclosed tract of land"

purge (v.)

c. 1300, purgen, "clear of a charge or suspicion," from Anglo-French purger, Old French purgier"wash, clean; refine, purify" morally or physically (12c., Modern French purger) and directly from Latin purgare "cleanse, make clean; purify," especially in reference to the body, "free from what is superfluous; remove, clear away," but also figuratively "refute, justify, vindicate," from Old Latin purigare, from purus "pure" (see pure)

percolation (n.)

"the act of straining or filtering through some porous material," 1610s, from Latin percolationem(nominative percolatio) "a straining through; the act of filtering," noun of action from past-participle stem of percolare "to strain through, filter," from per "through" (from PIE root *per- (1) "forward," hence "through") + colare "to strain,

far (adv.)

Middle English fer, from Old English feor "to a great distance, long ago," from Proto-Germanic *ferro(source also of Old Saxon fer, Old Frisian fir, Old Norse fiarre, Old High German fer, Gothic fairra), from PIE root *per- (1), base of words for "through, forward," with extended senses such as "across, beyond" (source also of Sanskrit parah "farther, remote, ulterior," Hittite para "outside of," Greek pera "across, beyond," Latin per "through," Old Irish ire "farther"). 

fire (n.)

Old English fyr "fire, a fire," from Proto-Germanic *fūr- (source also of Old Saxon fiur, Old Frisian fiur, Old Norse fürr, Middle Dutch and Dutch vuur, Old High German fiur, German Feuer "fire"), from PIE *perjos, from root *paewr- "fire." 

warm (adj.)

Old English wearm "warm," from Proto-Germanic *warmaz (source also of Old Saxon, Old Frisian, Middle Dutch, Old High German, German warm, Old Norse varmr, Gothic warmjan "to warm"), of uncertain origin. On one guess it is from PIE root *gwher- (source of Greek thermos "warm;" Latin formus "warm," Old English bærnan "to kindle"). On another guess it is connected to the source of Old Church Slavonic goriti "to burn," varŭ "heat," variti "to cook, boil;" and Lithuanian vérdu, virti"to seethe."

worm (n.)

Old English wurm, variant of wyrm "serpent, snake, dragon, reptile," also in later Old English "earthworm," from Proto-Germanic *wurmiz (source also of Old Saxon, Old High German, German wurm, Old Frisian and Dutch worm, Old Norse ormr, Gothic waurms "serpent, worm"), from PIE *wrmi- "worm" (source also of Greek rhomos, Latin vermis "worm," Old Russian vermie "insects," Lithuanian varmas "insect, gnat"), from PIE *wrmi- "worm," from root *wer- (2) "to turn, bend."

ward (n.)

Old English weard "a guarding, protection; watchman, sentry, keeper," from Proto-Germanic *wardaz "guard" (source also of Old Saxon ward, Old Norse vörðr, Old High German wart), from PIE *war-o-, suffixed form of root *wer- (3) "perceive, watch out for."

bar (n.1)

late 12c., "stake or rod of iron used to fasten a door or gate," from Old French barre "beam, bar, gate, barrier" (12c.), from Vulgar Latin *barra "bar, barrier," which some suggest is from Gaulish *barros"the bushy end" [Gamillscheg, etc.], but OED regards this as "discredited" because it "in no way suits the sense." Welsh bar "a bar, rail," Irish barra "a bar, spike" 

bear (v.)

Old English beran "to carry, bring; bring forth, give birth to, produce; to endure without resistance; to support, hold up, sustain; to wear" (class IV strong verb; past tense bær, past participle boren), from Proto-Germanic *beranan (source also of Old Saxon beran, Old Frisian bera "bear, give birth," Middle Dutch beren "carry a child," Old High German beran, German gebären, Old Norse bera "carry, bring, bear, endure; give birth," Gothic bairan "to carry, bear, give birth to"), from PIE root *bher- (1) "carry a burden, bring," also "give birth" 

arctic (adj.)

late 14c., artik, "of or pertaining to the north pole of the heavens," from Old French artique and directly from Medieval Latin articus, from Latin arcticus, from Greek arktikos "of the north," literally "of the (constellation) Bear," from arktos "bear;"

purse (n.)

Middle English purs, purse, from Old English pursa "little bag or pouch made of leather," especially for carrying money, from Medieval Latin bursa "leather purse" (source also of Old French borse, 12c., Modern French bourse; compare bourse), from Late Latin bursa, variant of byrsa "hide," from Greek byrsa "hide, leather." 

burka (n.)

also burkha, burqa, etc., "head-to-toe garment worn in public by women in some Muslim countries," 1836, from Hindi, from Arabic burqa'.

perceive (v.)

c. 1300, perceiven, "become aware of, gain knowledge of," especially "to come to know by direct experience," via Anglo-French parceif, Old North French *perceivre (Old French perçoivre) "perceive, notice, see; recognize, understand," from Latin percipere "obtain, gather, seize entirely, take possession of," also, figuratively, "to grasp with the mind, learn, comprehend," literally "to take entirely," from per "thoroughly" (see per) + capere "to grasp, take," from PIE root *kap- "to grasp."

Enlish	Spanish	Portuguese	French	German	Turkish	Russian	Arabic	Japanase	Hindu	Chinese
the	el	o	le	Die	the	в	ال	の		这
be	ser	ser	être	Sei	olmak	быть	يكون	なれ	होना	是
to	a	para	pour	Zu	ile	к	ل
for	para	para	pour	für	için	для
at	en	no	à	bei	de	в	في	で	पर	在
but	pero	mas	mais	Aber	Ancak	но	لكن	しかし	लेकिन	但
by	por	por	par	von	ile	к	بواسطة	に	द्वारा	经过
one	uno	um	un	eins	bir	один	واحد	一	एक	一
all	todo	todos	tous	alle	Tümü	все	الجميع	全て	सभी	全部
would	hard a	seria	serait	würde	istemek	бы	كان	だろう	चाहेंगे	会
there	allá	lá	là	Dort	Orası	там	هناك	そこには	वहाँ
out	afuera	fora	dehors	aus	dışarı	вне	خارج	外	बाहर	出
about	acerca de	sobre	à propos	um	hakkında	о	عن	だいたい	के
go	ir	ir	aller	gehen	Gitmek	идти	يذهب	行く	जाना	去
could	podría	poderia	pourrait	könnte	abilir	мог	استطاع	できる	सकना	可以
them	a ellos	eles	eux	ihnen	onlara	их	هم	彼ら	उन्हें	他们
see	ver	ver	voir	sehen	Görmek	видеть	يرى	見る	देखना	看
other	otro	outro	autre	andere	diğer	другой	آ
come	venir	vir	venir	kommen	Gelmek	приходить	يأتي	来て	आना	来
its	es	isso é	c'est	es ist	onun	его	إنه	これは	इसका	它是
over	encima	sobre	sur	über	üzerinde	над	زيادة	以上	ऊपर
after	después	depois	après	nach	sonrasında	после	بعد	後	बाद	后
use	usar	usar	utiliser	verwenden	kullanmak	использовать	يستخدم	使用	उपयोग	使用
two	dos	dois	deux	zwei	iki	два	اثنين	二	दो
first	primero	primeiro	d'abord	Erste	Birinci	первый	أولاً	初め	पहला	第一的
well	Bueno	bem	Bien	Also	Peki	хорошо	حسنًا	良い	कुंआ	出色地
way	forma	caminho	chemin	Weg	yol	способ	طريق	道	रास्ता	方式
want	desear	querer	vouloir	wollen	istek	хотеть	يريد	欲しい	चाहना	想
because	porque	porque	parce que	Weil	Çünkü	потому что