Note the following from Wikipedia's Death in 2013 site listed under May 23rd... there are 222 days left in the year:
- Morton Brownstein, 85, Canadian retailer, English language activist and philanthropist, kidney cancer.[18]
- Dick Evey, 72, American football player (Chicago Bears, University of Tennessee).[19]
- Richard G. Fallon, 89, American academic and theatre director (Asolo Repertory Theatre).[20]
- Lenin Gani, 45, Bangladeshi sports journalist.[21]
- Epy Guerrero, 71, Dominican Major League Baseball scout (Houston Astros, New York Yankees, Toronto Blue Jays, Milwaukee Brewers), kidney failure.[22]
- Hazel Hawke, 83, Australian environmentalist and National Treasure, first wife of Prime Minister Bob Hawke, complications of dementia.[23]
- Hayri Kozakçıoğlu, 75, Turkish politician, shot.[25]
- Moritz, Landgrave of Hesse, 86, German prince and Head of the House of Hesse [26]
- Michael Lev, 95, Ukrainian-born Israeli writer. [27]
- Sensaku Shigeyama, 93, Japanese actor, lung cancer.[30]
- James Sisnett, 113, Barbadian supercentenarian, world's second oldest man.[31]
- Seán Ward, 78, Irish newspaper editor (Evening Press).[3
It stands to reason that the inner twin world would use this day in particular to speak in a profound way, and judging by the above, I don't think they care about whether it makes sense to anyone else, they're counting on the few who they've selected. Those of you who've followed my post know me well enough by now to bee aware that these recent additions are particularly meaningful and so will make the effort to make this next leap.
I spent the better part of the day gathering the research below, which is essentially an etymology study that began with Moritz, Landgrave of Hesse. I simply skipped along, following the trail that makes perfect sense to me... and leaving me in awe. I could break it down to better explain all that I see, butt I'm simply too exhausted at this point to do that. None of this will make any sense to anyone just coming on board, and for those of you who have been here for awhile, just keep in mind the TUSSH and also keep that our ancestors had built and lived in this specialized home up until about 15,000 years ago when they lived adjacent to the huge glaciers that rose miles in height and stretched thousands of miles across the Eurasian Continent and beyond into North America. The residual evidence of this ancestral home lay encrypted in our very words and names.
 |
| During the last Glacial event which ended about 15,000 years ago, our ancestors lived on the permafrost lands of the Eurasian Continent. Here, they had no choice but to dawn on warmer clothes to ward against the biting cold. On the frozen tundra there were no trees for fire wood, but another fuel source existed in abundance. Reindeer herds by the millions dotted the landscape and meat when composted could generate heat. We can never be sure of all the reasons why our ancestors left their African homeland to live in this seemingly forsaken land, although we can imagine. To name just 3 reasons: I think the lack of bugs played a role-- as in no malaria, and an endless supply of fresh drinking water... grant you it would have to be melted. |
This is not the first time that this topic has come up, and if you key in "TUSSH" to the search box found at the top of my Toumai or Pronoiasecret blog, you'll see what I mean. Please feel free to comment if you have any questions.
******
Hesse
http://www.houseofnames.com/hessen-family-crest--
says Hesse origin is “deer”
*******
The
English name "Hesse" comes from the Hessian dialect. The variant "Hessia" comes from the
medieval latin Hassia.
The German term Hessen is used by the European Commission
because their policy is to leave regional names untranslated (paragraphs 1.31
& 1.35).[3] The term "Hesse" ultimately derives
from a Germanic tribe called the Chatti, who
settled in the region in the first century B.C. |
| The "TUSSH" is an acronym for "the Two United Structure System Home". The thing about permafrost land, is that it's never flat. Under ground aquifer's when frozen would heave the land sothat Pingo mounds as large as volcano's would rise up, except having a core of ice instead of lava. The ice was removed, and it was here within the cavity that our ancestors built their homes. |
Southern Hessian [edit]
Changes to
consonants
Consonants are
often softened, as outlined by Carsten Keil in his document "A Quick Guide
to the Language of Frankfurt".[2]
**********
Pliny the
Elder, in his Natural History grouped the Chatti and Suebi together
with the Hermunduri and the Cherusci,
calling this group the Hermiones, which is a nation of Germanic tribes mentioned by Tacitus as living in
inland Germany.[4]
Hermes (pron.: /ˈhɜrmiːz/; Greek : Ἑρμῆς) was an Olympian god in Greek religion andmythology, son of Zeus and
the Pleiad Maia.
In some myths he is a trickster, and outwits other gods for his own satisfaction or the sake of
humankind. His attributes and symbols include the herma, the rooster and the tortoise, purse or
pouch,winged sandals, winged cap, and his main symbol was the herald's staff, the Greekkerykeion or Latin caduceus which
consisted of two snakes wrapped around a winged staff.[4]
The caduceus (☤; pron.: /kəˈduːsiːəs/ or /kəˈdjuːʃəs/;
from Greek κηρύκειον kērukeion "herald's staff"[2] )
***********
A Herma (Ancient Greek: ἑρμῆς, pl ἑρμαῖ "hermai"),[1] commonly in English herm, is a sculpture with a
head, and perhaps a torso, above a plain, usually squared lower section, on
which male genitals may also be carved at the appropriate height.
************
Old English hearm "hurt,
evil, grief, pain, insult," from Proto-Germanic *harmaz (cf.
Old Saxon harm, Old Norse harmr, Old Frisian herm "insult;
pain," Old High German harm, GermanHarm "grief,
sorrow, harm"), from PIE *kormo- "pain."
masc. proper name,
from German Hermann, from Old High German Hariman, literally
"man of war, warrior," from hari "host,
army" (see harry (v.))
+ man "man" (see man (n.)).
1756, "having to
do with hot springs," from French thermal (Buffon), from
Greek therme "heat," from PIE *ghwerm-/*ghworm- "warm"
(cf. Latin fornax "an oven, kiln," formus "warm,"
Old English wearm; see warm).
Sense of "having to do with heat" is first recorded 1837. The noun
meaning "rising current of relatively warm air" is recorded from
1933.
*******
3.1 Consonants
One of the most distinctive features of /fraNkfo(r)dEri:S/
is the softening of con-
sonants. This gives the language its very pleasant, °uent
and relaxed sound.
Rule 1: Soften the consonants :
t /t/ ! d /d/
p /p/ ! b /b/
k /k/ ! g /g/ Mid, end word.
b /b/ ! w /w/ Mid word between
vowels.
g /g/ ! sch /S/ Mid, end word;
after e, i, ei, ie.
! ch /x/ Mid, end word; after a,
o, u.
ch /X/ ! sch /S/
to lumber tapsen ! dabbse /dabs@/
weather Wetter ! Wedder /wedE(r)/
paper Papier ! Babier /ba'bi:E(r)/
lid Deckel ! Deggel /deg@l/
evening Abend ! Aawend /a:w@nd/
rain Regen ! Reesche /re:S@/
stomach Magen ! Maache /ma:x@/
bow Bogen ! Booche /bo:x@/
really wirklich ! werklisch /wE(r)gliS/
1820, from
French essonit (1817), from Greek heson "less"
+ -ite (2).
So called because it is lighter than similar minerals.
The name Hesse was not found. Names that sound similar to HESSE:
|
****************
*note, important in this study is the letter “L”,
note that to make the letter L one must bend the tongue in such a way that it
forms a cup shape the rim of which then abuts the roof of the mouth around
the rim, making and enclosed “hollow”
Also note that since our ancestors did live in
the Eurasian north during the last glacial event, they had lived on
permafrost land. They would have taken
note of the fact that where ice had formed over pockets , in effect creating
little pockets that would be like miniature green houses where the first
signs of life—spring come early because of the extra protection… hence green
sprouts already cropping up when the rest of the land is still barren, they
would have learned the value of “recreating” what nature had spelled out to
them… they also knew of the benifitting properties of “glue” that given the
permafrost, the closest to be had would be derived from sugar—the sap of
flowers, roots and from carageenan (irish moss) boiled and rendered into sap…
clear sugary syrup.
Old English sæ "sheet
of water, sea, lake," from Proto-Germanic *saiwaz
early 13c.,
"gesture or motion of the hand," from Old French signe "sign,
mark, signature," from Latin signum "mark, token,
indication, symbol," from PIE root *sekw- "point
out" (see see).
"design
stamped on wax," early 13c., from Old French seel (Modern
French sceau), from Vulgar Latin *sigellum (source
of Italian suggello, Spanish sello; also Old Frisian
and Middle High German sigel, German Siegel), from
Latin sigillum "small picture, engraved figure,
seal," diminutive of signum "mark, token"
(see sign).
An earlier borrowing directly from Latin is represented by Old English insigel.
late 13c., from Old
French occean "ocean" (12c., Modern French océan),
from Latin oceanus, from Greek okeanos, the great
river or sea surrounding the disk of the Earth (as opposed to the Mediterranean),
of unknown origin. Personified as Oceanus, son of Uranus and Gaia
and husband of Tethys. In early times, when the only known land masses were
Eurasia and Africa, the ocean was an endless river that flowed around them.
Until c.1650, commonly ocean sea, translating Latin mare
oceanum. Application to individual bodies of water began 14c.; there
are usually reckoned to be five of them, but this is arbitrary; also
occasionally applied to smaller subdivisions, e.g. German Ocean "North
Sea."
fem. proper name,
from Biblical first woman, Late Latin, from Hebrew Hawwah,
literally "a living being," from base hawa "he
lived" (cf. Arabic hayya, Aramaic hayyin).
EVE: From
the Hebrew name חַוָּה (Chawwah), which was derived
from the Hebrew word חוה (chawah) "to
breathe" or the related word חיה (chayah) "to live".
Old English sweostor, swuster,
or a Scandinavian cognate (Old Norse systir, Swedish syster,
Danish søster), in either case from Proto-Germanic *swestr- (cf.
Old Saxon swestar, Old Frisian swester, Middle
Dutch suster, Dutch zuster, Old High German swester,
German Schwester, Gothic swistar),
These are from PIE *swesor, one of the most persistent and unchanging PIE root words, recognizable in almost every modern Indo-European language (e.g. Sanskrit svasar-, Avestanshanhar-, Latin soror, Old Church Slavonic, Russian sestra, Lithuanian sesuo, Old Irish siur, Welsh chwaer, Greek eor). Probably from PIE roots *swe- "one's own" + *ser- "woman." For vowel evolution, see bury. Used of nuns in Old English; of a woman in general from 1906; of a black woman from 1926; and in the sense of "fellow feminist" from 1912.
Old English west "in
or toward the west," from Proto-Germanic *wes-t- (cf.
Old Norse vestr, Old Frisian, Middle Dutch, Dutch west,
Old High German -west, only in compounds, Germanwest),
from PIE *wes- (source of Greek hesperos,
Latin vesper "evening, west"), perhaps an enlarged
form of root *we- "to go down" (cf. Sanskrit avah "downward"),
and thus literally "direction in which the sun sets." Cf. also High
German dialectal abend "west," literally
"evening."
late 14c., poetic
for "the evening star," from Latin Hesperus, from
Greek hesperos (aster) "western (star)," from
PIE *wes-pero- "evening, night" (see vesper).
Hence also Hesperides(1590s), from Greek, "daughters of the
West," the nymphs (variously numbered but originally three) who tended
the garden with the golden apples. Their name has been mistakenly transferred
to the garden itself.
late 14c.,
"the evening star," from Old French vespre, from
Latin vesper (masc.), vespera (fem.)
"evening star, evening, west," related to Greek hesperos,
and ultimately from PIE *wespero-(cf. Old Church Slavonic večeru,
Lithuanian vakaras, Welsh ucher, Old Irish fescor "evening"),
from root *we- "down" (cf. Sanskrit avah "down,
downward"). Meaning "evening" is attested from c.1600.
1690s, variant of
Middle English key, keye, caye "wharf"
(c.1300; mid-13c. in place names), from Old North French cai (Old
French chai, 12c., Modern French quai) "sand
bank," from Gaulish caium (5c.), from Old Celtic *kagio- "to
encompass, enclose" (cf. Welsh cae "fence,
hedge," Cornish ke "hedge"), from PIE *kagh- "to
catch, seize; wickerwork, fence" (see hedge(n.)).
Spelling altered in English by influence of French quai.
1870, "public
path beside a waterway," from French quai (12c.,
see quay).
c.1400, "piece
of reed or hollow stem of a feather," probably related to Middle High
German kil "quill," from Low German quiele,
of unknown origin. Meaning "pen made from a (goose) quill" is from
1550s; that of "porcupine spine" is from c.1600.
mid-15c., from
Latin tranquillus "quiet" (see tranquility).
Related: Tranquilly.
c.1300,
"freedom from disturbance or conflict; calm, stillness," from Old
French quiete "rest, repose, tranquility" and
directly from Latin quies (genitive quietis)
"a lying still, rest, repose, peace," from PIE root *qwi- "rest"
(cf. Gothic hveila, Old English hwil "space
of time;" see while (n.)).
Late 14c. as "inactivity, rest, repose."
Old English hwile,
accusative of hwil "a space of time," from
Proto-Germanic *khwilo (cf. Old Saxon hwil, Old
Frisian hwile, Old High German hwila, German Weile,
Gothic hveila "space of time, while"), originally
"rest" (cf. Old Norse hvila "bed," hvild "rest"),
from PIE *qwi- "rest" (cf. Avestan shaitish "joy,"
Old Persian šiyatish "joy," Latin quies "rest,
repose, quiet," Old Church Slavonic po-koji "rest").
Notion of "period of rest" became in Germanic "period of
time."
early 15c., "to
put in possession of a person," from Middle French vestir, from
Medieval Latin vestire "to put into possession, to
invest," from Latin vestire "to clothe,"
related to vestis"garment, clothing," from PIE *wes- "to
clothe" (see wear).
Related: Vested; vesting.
1620s, "a
porch," later "antechamber, lobby" (1730), from French vestible,
from Latin vestibulum "forecourt, entrance," of
unknown origin.
Old English heall "place
covered by a roof, spacious roofed residence, temple, law-court," from
Proto-Germanic *khallo "to cover, hide" (cf. Old
Saxon, Old High German halla, Germanhalle, Dutch hal,
Old Norse höll "hall;" Old English hell,
Gothic halja "hell"), from PIE root *kel- "to
hide, conceal" (see cell).
Sense of "entry, vestibule"
c.1300, "an
inquest;" early 14c., "a search for something" (especially of
judicial inquiries or hounds seeking game), from Old French queste "search,
quest, chase, hunt, pursuit; inquest, inquiry" (12c., Modern
French quête), properly "the act of seeking," and
directly from Medieval Latin questa "search,
inquiry," alteration of Latin quaesitus (fem. quaesita)
"sought-out, select," past participle of quaerere "seek,
gain, ask" (see query (n.))
1530s, quaere "a
question," from Latin quaere "ask,"
imperative of quaerere "to seek, look for; strive,
endeavor, strive to gain; ask, require, demand;" figuratively "seek
mentally, seek to learn, make inquiry," probably ultimately from PIE *kwo-,
root forming the stem of relative and interrogative pronouns (see who).
Spelling Anglicized or altered c.1600 by influence ofinquiry.
Old English cwellan "to
kill, murder, execute," from Proto-Germanic *kwaljanan (cf.
Old English cwelan "to die," cwalu "violent
death;" Old Saxon quellian "to torture,
kill;" Old Norsekvelja "to torment;" Middle
Dutch quelen "to vex, tease, torment;" Old High
German quellan "to suffer pain," German quälen "to
torment, torture"), from PIE *gwele- "to throw,
reach," with extended sense of "to pierce" (cf. Armenian kelem "I
torture;" Old Church Slavonic zali "pain;"
Lithuanian galas "end," gela "agony," gelati "to
sting"). Milder sense of "suppress, extinguish" developed by
c.1300. Related: Quelled; quelling.
1620s, "to
fall, drop, or stomp on something (soft) with crushing force," possibly
imitative of sound made. The figurative sense of "suppress
completely" is first recorded 1864.
"American
Indian woman," 1630s, from Massachuset (Algonquian) squa "woman"
(cf. also Narraganset squaws "woman"). "Over
the years it has come to have a derogatory sense and is now considered
offensive by many Native Americans" [Bright]. Widespread in U.S. place
names, sometimes involving a translation of local American Indian words for
"woman."
early 15c. (skimmer,
the utensil, is attested from late 14c.), "to clear (a liquid) from
matter floating on the surface," from Old French escumer "remove
scum," from escume (French écume)
"scum," from a Germanic source (cf. Old High German scum "scum,"
German Schaum; see scum).
early 14c. (implied
in scummer "shallow ladle for removing scum"),
from Middle Dutch schume "foam, froth," from
Proto-Germanic *skuma- (cf. Old Norse skum, Old
High German scum, German Schaum "foam,
froth"), perhaps from PIE root *(s)keu- "to cover,
conceal" (see hide (n.1)).
Sense deteriorated from "thin layer atop liquid" to "film of
dirt," then just "dirt." Meaning "lowest class of
humanity" is 1580s; scum of the Earth is from 1712.
Adopted in Romanic, cf. Old French escume, Modern French écume,
Spanish escuma, Italian schiuma.
"resin,"
c.1300, from Old French gome "(medicinal) gum, resin,"
from Late Latin gumma, from Latin gummi, from
Greek kommi "gum," from Egyptian kemai.
As a shortened form ofchewing gum, first attested 1842 in American
English. The gum tree (1670s) was so called for the resin it
exudes.
"membranes of
the mouth," Old English goma "palate, side of the
mouth" (single or plural), from a Germanic source represented by Old
Norse gomi "palate," Old High German goumo;
related to Lithuanian gomurys "palate," and
perhaps from PIE *gheu- "to yawn" (cf. Greek khaos;
see chaos).
1805, from
Louisiana French, probably ultimately from Central Bantu dialect (cf.
Mbundu ngombo "okra").
1719, originally
Scottish, "common sense, shrewdness," also "drive,
initiative," possibly connected with Middle English gome "attention,
heed," from Old Norse gaumr "heed,
attention." Sense of "initiative" is first recorded 1812.
Like the names of most other Greek letters, the
name of beta was adopted from theacrophonic name of the
corresponding letter in Phoenician, which was the common Semitic word *bayt ('house').
1580s, pagode (modern
form from 1630s), from Portuguese pagode (early 16c.),
perhaps from a corruption of Persian butkada, from but "idol"
+ kada "dwelling." Or perhaps from or influenced
by Tamil pagavadi "house belonging to a deity,"
from Sanskrit bhagavati "goddess," fem. of bhagavat "blessed,
adorable," from *bhagah "good fortune," from
PIE root *bhag- "to share out, apportion" (cf.
Greek phagein "to eat;" see -phagous).
word-forming
element meaning "eating, feeding on," from Latin -phagus,
from Greek -phagos "eater of," from phagein "to
eat," literally "to have a share of food," from PIE root *bhag- "to
share out, apportion, distribute," also "to get a share" (cf.
Sanskrit bhajati "assigns, allots, apportions, enjoys,
loves," bhagah "allotter, distributor, master,
lord," bhaksati "eats, drinks, enjoys;"
Persian bakhshidan "to give;" Old Church
Slavonic bogatu "rich")
late 13c.,
"bundle of twigs bound up," from Old French fagot "bundle
of sticks" (13c.), of uncertain origin, probably from Italian faggotto,
diminutive of Vulgar Latin *facus, from Latinfascis "bundle
of wood" (see fasces).
1590s, from
Latin fasces "bundle of rods containing an axe with the
blade projecting" (plural of fascis "bundle"
of wood, etc.), perhaps from PIE *bhasko- "band,
bundle"
1855, theater slang
for "a failure," by 1862 acquired the general sense of any dismal
flop, on or off the stage. Via French phrase fiare fiasco "turn
out a failure" (19c.), from Italian far fiasco"suffer a
complete breakdown in performance," literally "make a bottle,"
from fiasco "bottle," from Late Latin flasco,
flasconem (see flask).
mid-14c.,
originally of leather, from Old French boteille (12c.,
Modern French bouteille), from Vulgar Latin butticula,
diminutive of Late Latin buttis "a cask," which is
perhaps from Greek
Old English fleax "cloth
made with flax, linen," from Proto-Germanic *flakhsan (cf.
Old Frisian flax, Middle Dutch and Dutch vlas, Old
Saxon flas, Old High German flahs, German Flachs),
probably from Proto-Germanic base *fleh-, corresponding to
PIE *plek- "to weave, plait" (see ply (v.1)).
But some connect it with PIE *pleik- (see flay)
from the notion of "stripping" fiber to prepare it.
Old English flean "to
skin" (strong verb, past tense flog, past participle flagen),
from Proto-Germanic *flakhanan (cf. Middle Dutch vlaen,
Old High German flahan, Old Norse fla), from PIE
root *plak- (2) "to hit" (cf. Greek plessein "to
strike," Lithuanian plešiu "to tear;"
see plague (n.)).
Related: Flayed; flaying.
late 14c., plage,
"affliction, calamity, evil, scourge;" early 15c., "malignant
disease," from Old French plage (14c.), from Late
Latin plaga, used in Vulgate for "pestilence," from
Latin plaga"stroke, wound," probably from root of plangere "to
strike, lament (by beating the breast)," from or cognate with Greek
(Doric) plaga "blow," from PIE *plak- (2)
"to strike, to hit" (cf. Greekplazein "to drive
away," plessein "to beat, strike;" Old
English flocan "to strike, beat;" Gothic flokan "to
bewail;" German fluchen, Old Frisian floka "to
curse").
1848,
"ornamental plate or tablet," from French plaque "metal
plate, coin" (15c.), perhaps through Flemish placke "small
coin," from Middle Dutch placke "disk, patch,
stain," related to German Placken "spot,
patch" (cf. placard).
Meaning "deposit on walls of arteries" is first attested 1891; that
of "bacteria deposits on teeth" is 1898.
late 15c.,
"formal document authenticated by an affixed seal," from Middle
French placquard "official document with a large, flat
seal," also "plate of armor," from Old French plaquier "to
lay on, cover up, plaster over," from Middle Dutch placken "to
patch (a garment), to plaster," related to Middle High German placke "patch,
stain," German Placken "spot, patch." Meaning
"poster" first recorded 1550s in English; this sense is in Middle
French from 15c.
c.1200,
"space, dimensional extent, room, area," from Old French place "place,
spot" (12c.) and directly from Medieval Latin placea "place,
spot," from Latin platea "courtyard, open space;
broad way, avenue," from Greek plateia (hodos) "broad
(way)," fem. of platys "broad" (see plaice).
type of European
edible flatfish, late 13c., from Old French plaise (12c.,
Modern French plie), from Late Latin platessa "plaice,
flatfish," perhaps related to or from Greek platys "broad,
flat," from PIE *plat- "to spread" (cf.
Sanskrit prathati "spreads out;" Hittite palhi "broad;"
Lithuanian platus "broad;" German Fladen "flat
cake;" Old Norse flatr "flat;" Old English flet "floor,
dwelling;" Old Irish lethan "broad");
extended variant form of root *pele- (2) "flat; to
spread" (see plane (n.1)).
"flat
surface," c.1600, from Latin planum "flat surface,
plane, level, plain," noun use of neuter of adjective planus "flat,
level, even, plain, clear," from PIE *pla-no- (cf.
Lithuanian plonas"thin;" Celtic *lanon "plain;"
perhaps also Greek pelanos "sacrificial cake, a mixture
offered to the gods, offering (of meal, honey, and oil) poured or
spread"), suffixed form of root *pele- (2) "to
spread out, broad, flat" (cf. Old Church Slavonic polje "flat
land, field," Russian polyi "open;" Old
English and Old High German feld, Middle Dutch veld "field")
mid-13c.,
"flat sheet of gold or silver," also "flat, round coin,"
from Old French plate "thin piece of metal" (late
12c.), from Medieval Latin plata "plate, piece of
metal," perhaps via Vulgar Latin *plattus, formed on model
of Greek platys "flat, broad" (see plaice (n.))
1670s, a
back-formation from placation or else from Latin placatus "soothed,
quiet, gentle, calm, peaceful," past participle of placare "to
calm, appease, quiet, soothe, assuage," related toplacere "to
please" (see please).
Related: Placated; placating; placatingly
early 14c.,
"to be agreeable," from Old French plaisir "to
please, give pleasure to, satisfy" (11c., Modern French plaire,
the form of which is perhaps due to analogy of faire), from Latinplacere "to
be acceptable, be liked, be approved," related to placare "to
soothe, quiet" (source of Spanish placer, Italian piacere),
possibly from PIE *plak-e- "to be calm," via
notion of still water, etc., from root *plak- (1) "to
be flat" (see placenta)
c.1400, "a
fold, a crease," from Anglo-French pleit, Old French ploit,
earlier pleit, "fold, manner of folding," from
Latin plicatus, past participle of plicare "to
lay, fold, twist" (see ply (v.1)).
Meaning "interlaced strands of hair, ribbon, etc." is from 1520s,
perhaps from plait (v.).
late 14c., "to
fold, gather in pleats," also "to braid or weave," from Old
French pleir "to fold," variant of ploier, ployer "to
fold, bend," from Latin plicare "to fold"
(see ply (v.1)).
Related:Plaited; plaiting.
"work with,
use," late 14c., shortened form of applien "join
to, apply" (see apply).
The core of this is Latin plicare "to lay, fold,
twist," from PIE root *plek- "to plait,
twist" (cf. Greekplekein "to plait, twine," plektos "twisted;"
Latin plectere (past participle plexus) "to
plait, braid, intertwine;" Old Church Slavonic plesti "to
braid, plait, twist;" Gothic flahta "braid;"
Old English fleax "cloth made with flax,
linen").
Sense of "travel regularly" is first 1803, perhaps from earlier sense "steer a course" (1550s). Related: Plied; plies; plying.
"a fold,"
1580s, variant of plait (n.).
With a gap in the printed record 17c.-18c., but probably it was in continuous
oral use.
"to plait,
knit, weave, twist together," c.1200, breidan, from Old
English bregdan "to move quickly, pull, shake, swing,
throw (in wrestling), draw (a sword); bend, weave, knit, join together;
change color, vary; scheme, feign, pretend" (class III strong verb, past
tense brægd, past participle brogden), from
Proto-Germanic *bregthan "make sudden jerky movements
from side to side" (cf. Old Norse bregða "to
brandish, turn about, braid;" Old Saxon bregdan "to
weave;" Dutch breien "to knit;" Old High
German brettan "to draw, weave, braid"), from PIE
root*bherek- "to gleam, flash" (cf. Sanskrit bhrasate "flames,
blazes, shines"). In English the verb survives only in the narrow
definition of "plait hair." Related: Braided; braiding.
late 14c.,
shortened from abak, from Old English on bæc "backwards,
behind, aback" (see back (n.)). Back
and forth attested from 1814.
Old English bæc "back,"
from Proto-Germanic *bakam (cf. Old Saxon and Middle
Dutch bak, Old Frisian bek), with no known
connections outside Germanic.
The cognates
mostly have been ousted in this sense in other modern Germanic languages by
words akin to Modern English ridge (cf. Danish ryg, German Rücken). Many
Indo-European languages show signs of once having distinguished the
horizontal back of an animal (or a mountain range) from the upright back of a
human. In other cases, a modern word for "back" may come from a
word related to "spine" (Italian schiena, Russian spina) or
"shoulder, shoulder blade" (Spanish espalda, Polish plecy).
Old English blæc "dark,"
from Proto-Germanic *blakaz "burned" (cf. Old
Norse blakkr "dark," Old High German blah "black,"
Swedish bläck "ink," Dutch blaken "to
burn"), from PIE*bhleg- "to burn, gleam, shine,
flash" (cf. Greek phlegein "to burn, scorch,"
Latin flagrare "to blaze, glow, burn"), from
root *bhel- (1) "to shine, flash, burn;" see bleach (v.).
"skin of a
fur-bearing animal," early 15c., of uncertain origin, perhaps a
contraction of pelet (late 13c. in Anglo-Latin), from Old
French pelete "fine skin, membrane," diminutive
of pel"skin," from Latin pellis "skin,
hide" (see film (n.)).
Or perhaps the source of the English word is Anglo-French pelterie,
Old French peletrie "fur skins," from Old
French peletier "furrier," from pel.
"to
strike" (with something), c.1500, of unknown origin; perhaps from early
13c. pelten "to strike," variant of pilten "to
thrust, strike," from an unrecorded Old English *pyltan,
from Medieval Latin *pultiare, from Latin pultare "to
beat, knock, strike." Or from Old French peloter "to
strike with a ball," from pelote "ball"
(see pellet (n.))
Old English filmen "membrane,
thin skin," from West Germanic *filminjan (cf. Old
Frisian filmene "skin," Old English fell "hide"),
extended from Proto-Germanic *fello(m) "animal
hide," from PIE *pel- (4) "skin, hide" (cf.
Greek pella, Latin pellis "skin").
"act of
bleaching," 1887; "a bleaching agent," 1898, probably directly
from bleach (v.).
The Old English noun blæce meant "leprosy;" Late
Old English also had blæco "paleness," and Middle
English had blech "whitening or bleaching agent."
Old English blæcan "bleach,
whiten," from Proto-Germanic *blaikjan "to make
white" (cf. Old Saxon blek, Old Norse bleikr,
Dutch bleek, Old High German bleih, German bleich "pale;"
Old Norse bleikja, Dutch bleken, German bleichen "to
bleach"), from PIE root *bhel- (1) "to shine,
flash, burn" (cf. Sanskrit bhrajate "shines;"
Greek phlegein "to burn;" Latin flamma "flame,"fulmen "lightning," fulgere "to
shine, flash," flagrare "to burn;" Old Church
Slavonic belu "white;" Lithuanian balnas "pale").
The same root probably produced black;
perhaps because both black and white are colorless, or because both are
associated with burning. Related: Bleached; bleaching.
early 14c., from
Old French paile "pale, light-colored" (12c.,
Modern French pâle), from Latin pallidus "pale,
pallid, wan, colorless," from pallere "be pale,
grow pale," from PIE *pel- (2) "pale"
(see pallor). Pale-face,
supposed North American Indian word for "European," is attested
from 1822.
late 14c.,
"become pale; appear pale" (also, in Middle English, "to make
pale"), from Old French paleir (12c.) or from pale (adj.).
Related: Paled; paling.
early 13c. (c.1200
in Anglo-Latin), "stake, pole, stake for vines," from Old
French pal and directly from Latin palus "stake,
prop, wooden post," related to pangere "to fix or
fasten" (seepact).
early 14c., from
Old French paile "pale, light-colored" (12c.,
Modern French pâle), from Latin pallidus "pale,
pallid, wan, colorless," from pallere "be pale,
grow pale," from PIE *pel- (2) "pale"
(see pallor). Pale-face,
supposed North American Indian word for "European," is attested
from 1822.
late 14c.,
"become pale; appear pale" (also, in Middle English, "to make
pale"), from Old French paleir (12c.) or from pale (adj.).
Related: Paled; paling.
early 13c. (c.1200
in Anglo-Latin), "stake, pole, stake for vines," from Old French pal and
directly from Latin palus "stake, prop, wooden
post," related to pangere "to fix or fasten"
(seepact).
From late 14c. as "fence of pointed stakes;" figurative sense of "limit, boundary, restriction" is from c.1400. Barely surviving in beyond the pale and similar phrases. Meaning "the part of Ireland under English rule" is from 1540s, via sense of "territory held by power of a nation or people" (mid-15c.).
before vowels pale- word-forming
element used in scientific combinations (mostly since c.1870) meaning
"ancient, early, prehistoric, primitive," from Greek palaio-,
comb. form of palaios"old, ancient," from palai "long
ago, far back," related to palin "again,
backwards," tele- "far off, at a distance,"
from PIE root *kwel- "to turn, move about," also
"far" (in space and time); see cycle (n.).
1620s, "flat
thin tablet used by an artist to lay and mix colors," from French palette,
from Old French palete "small shovel, blade"
(13c.) diminutive of pale "shovel, blade," from
Latin pala"spade, shoulder blade," probably from
PIE *pak-slo-, from root *pag- (see pact).
Transferred sense of "colors used by a particular artist" is from
1882.
c.1300,
"pale," from Old Norse bleikr "pale, whitish,
blond," from Proto-Germanic *blaika- "shining,
white," from PIE root *bhel- (1) "to shine, flash,
burn" (see bleach (v.)).
Later "bare, windswept" (1530s). Sense of "cheerless" is
c.1719 figurative extension. The same Germanic root produced Old
English blac "pale," but this died out, probably
from confusion with blæc"black;" however bleak persisted,
with a sense of "bare" as well as "pale."
c.1400, from Old
French palor "paleness, whiteness" (12c.) and
directly from Latin pallor, from pallere "be
pale, turn pale," related to pallus "dark-colored,
dusky," from PIE root *pel- (2) "pale; gray"
(cf. Sanskrit palitah "gray," panduh "whitish,
pale;" Greek pelios "livid, dark," polios "gray;"
Old English fealo "dull-colored, yellow, brown;"
Welsh llwyd "gray").
early 14c.,
"to hurt, damage," from Old French blemiss- "to
turn pale," extended stem of blemir, blesmir "to
make pale; stain, discolor," also "to injure" (13c., Modern
French blêmir), probably from Frankish *blesmjan "to
cause to turn pale," or some other Germanic source, from
Proto-Germanic *blas "shining, white," from PIE
root *bhel- (1) "to shine, flash, burn" (seebleach (v.)).
Old English blod "blood,"
from Proto-Germanic *blodam "blood" (cf. Old
Frisian blod, Old Saxon blôd, Old Norse bloð,
Middle Dutch bloet, Dutch bloed, Old High
German bluot, GermanBlut, Gothic bloþ), from
PIE *bhlo-to-, perhaps meaning "to swell, gush, spurt,"
or "that which bursts out" (cf. Gothic bloþ "blood," bloma "flower"),
in which case it would be from suffixed form of *bhle-, extended
form of *bhel- (2) "to blow, inflate, swell"
(see bole).
mid-15c.,
"sphere," from Middle French globe (14c.) and
directly from Latin globus "round mass, sphere,
ball," also, of men, "a throng, crowd, body, mass," related
to gleba "clod, soil, land" (see glebe).
Sense of "planet earth," or a three-dimensional map of it first
attested 1550s.
early 13c., from
Old French glu "birdlime" (12c.), from Late
Latin glutem (nominative glus) "glue,"
from Latin gluten "glue, beeswax," from PIE *gleit- "to
glue, paste" (cf. Lithuanian glitus"sticky," glitas "mucus;"
Old English cliða "plaster"), from root *glei- "to
stick together" (see clay).
In reference to glue from boiled animal hoofs and hides, c.1400. Glue-sniffing attested
from 1963.
Old English clæg "stiff,
sticky earth; clay," from West Germanic *klaijaz (cf.
Old High German kliwa "bran," German Kleie,
Old Frisian klai "clay," Old Saxon klei,
Middle Dutch clei, Danishklæg; Old English clæman,
Old Norse kleima, Old High German kleiman "to
cover with clay"), from PIE root *glei- "to stick
together" (cf. Greek gloios "sticky matter;"
Latin gluten "glue;" Old Church Slavonic glina "clay," glenu "slime,
mucus;" Old Irish glenim "I cleave,
adhere"). Clay pigeon is from 1888.
c.1300, bleu, blwe,
etc., from Old French blo "pale, pallid, wan,
light-colored; blond; discolored; blue, blue-gray," from Frankish *blao or
some other Germanic source, from Proto-Germanic*blæwaz (cf. Old
English blaw, Old Saxon and Old High German blao,
Danish blaa, Swedish blå, Old Frisian blau,
Middle Dutch bla, Dutch blauw, German blau "blue"),
from PIE *bhle-was "light-colored, blue, blond,
yellow," from PIE root bhel- (1) "to shine,
flash" (see bleach (v.)).
The same PIE root yielded Latin flavus "yellow," Old Spanish blavo "yellowish-gray," Greek phalos "white," Welsh blawr "gray," Old Norse bla "livid"
1530s in the
literal sense of "to strip a sheep of fleece;" 1570s in the
figurative meaning "to cheat, swindle," from fleece (n.).
Related: Fleeced; fleecing.
Old English fleos,
from West Germanic *flusaz (cf. Middle Dutch vluus,
Dutch vlies, Middle High German vlius, German Vlies),
probably from PIE *pleus- "to pluck," also "a
feather, fleece" (cf. Latin pluma "feather,
down," Lithuanian plunksna "feather").
"soft, raised
surface upon cloth," mid-14c., "downy plumage," from
Anglo-French pyle or Middle Dutch pijl, both
from Latin pilus "a hair" (source of Italian pelo,
Old French pel). Phonological evidence rules out transmission of
the English word via Old French cognate peil, poil.
Meaning "nap upon cloth" is from 1560s.
"to heap
up," mid-14c.; see pile (n.1).
Related: Piled; piling. Figurative verbal
expression pile on "attack vigorously, attack en
masse," is from 1894, American English.
"soft, raised
surface upon cloth," mid-14c., "downy plumage," from
Anglo-French pyle or Middle Dutch pijl, both
from Latin pilus "a hair" (source of Italian pelo,
Old French pel). Phonological evidence rules out transmission of
the English word via Old French cognate peil, poil.
Meaning "nap upon cloth" is from 1560s.
early 14c., from
Old Norse bolr "tree trunk," from Proto-Germanic *bulas (cf.
Middle Dutch bolle "trunk of a tree"), from
PIE *bhel- (2) "to blow, inflate, swell" (cf.
Greek phyllon "leaf,"phallos "swollen
penis;" Latin flos "flower," florere "to
blossom, flourish," folium "leaf;" Old
Prussian balsinis "cushion;" Old Norse belgr "bag,
bellows;" Old English bolla "pot, cup, bowl;"
Old Irish bolgaim "I swell," blath "blossom,
flower," bolach "pimple," bolg "bag;"
Breton bolc'h "flax pod;" Serbian buljiti "to
stare, be bug-eyed;" Serbo-Croatian blazina "pillow").
Old English bolster "bolster,
cushion, something stuffed so that it swells up," especially "long,
stuffed pillow," from Proto-Germanic *bolkhstraz (cf.
Old Norse bolstr, Danish, Swedish, Dutchbolster,
German polster), from PIE *bhelgh- "to
swell" (see belly (n.)).
Old English belg,
bylg (West Saxon), bælg (Anglian) "leather
bag, purse, bellows," from Proto-Germanic *balgiz "bag"
(cf. Old Norse belgr "bag, bellows," bylgja "billow,"
Gothic balgs"wineskin"), from PIE *bholgh-,
from root *bhelgh- "to swell," an extension
of *bhel- (2) "to blow, swell" (see bole).
Meaning shifted to "body" (late 13c.), then focused to
"abdomen" (mid-14c.). Meaning "bulging part or concave surface
of anything" is 1590s. The West Germanic root had a figurative or
extended sense of "anger, arrogance" (cf. Old English bolgenmod"enraged;" belgan (v.)
"to become angry").
"to swell
out," 1620s, from belly (n.).
Related: Bellied; bellying. Old English belgan meant
"to be or become angry" (a figurative sense). A comparable Greek
verb-from-noun, gastrizein, meant "to hit (someone) in the
belly."
Old English Wilisc, Wylisc (West
Saxon), Welisc, Wælisc (Anglian and Kentish),
from Wealh, Walh "Celt, Briton, Welshman,
non-Germanic foreigner;" in Tolkien's definition, "common Gmc. name
for a man of what we should call Celtic speech," but also applied to
speakers of Latin, hence Old High German Walh, Walah "Celt,
Roman, Gaulish," and Old Norse Valir "Gauls,
Frenchmen" (Danish vælsk "Italian, French,
southern"); from Proto-Germanic *Walkhiskaz, from a Celtic
name represented by Latin Volcæ (Caesar) "ancient
Celtic tribe in southern Gaul." The word survives in Wales, Cornwall, Walloon, walnut,
and in surnames Walsh and Wallace. Borrowed in
Old Church Slavonic as vlachu, and applied to the Rumanians,
henceWallachia.
1810, from Scottish
Gaelic Gaidheal "member of the Gaelic race,"
corresponding to Old Irish Goidhel (cf. Latin Gallus).
The native name in both Ireland and Scotland, Gael was first
used in English exclusively of Scottish Highlanders.
Old English cealc "chalk,
lime, plaster; pebble," a West Germanic borrowing from Latin calx (2)
"limestone, lime (crushed limestone), small stone," from
Greek khalix "small pebble," which many trace to a
PIE root for "split, break up." In most Germanic languages still
with the "limestone" sense, but in English transferred to the
opaque, white, soft limestone found abundantly in the south of the island.
Modern spelling is from early 14c. The Latin word for "chalk"
was creta, which also is of unknown origin.
"pale yellow,
brownish yellow," Old English fealu "reddish
yellow, yellowish-brown, tawny, dusk-colored," from Proto-Germanic *falwa- (cf.
Old Saxon falu, Old Norse fölr, Middle Dutchvalu,
Dutch vaal, Old High German falo, German falb),
from PIE *pal-wo- "dark-colored, gray" (cf. Old
Church Slavonic plavu, Lithuanian palvas "sallow;"
Greek polios, Sanskrit palitah, Welsh llwyd "gray;"
Latin pallere "to be pale"), from root *pal- (see pallor).
It also forms the root of words for "pigeon" in Greek (peleia),
Latin (palumbes), and Old Prussian (poalis).
1650s,
"pale," from Latin luridus "pale yellow,
ghastly," of uncertain origin, perhaps cognate with Greek khloros (see Chloe).
Meaning "glowing in the darkness" is from 1727. The figurative
sense of "sensational" is first attested 1850.Related: Luridly.
fem. proper name,
Latin, from Greek Khloe, literally "young green shoot;"
related to khloros "greenish-yellow," from
PIE *ghlo- variant of root *ghel- "to
shine," also yielding words for "yellow" (cf. Latin helvus "yellowish,
bay," Gallo-Latin gilvus "light bay;"
Lithuanian geltonas "yellow;" Old Church
Slavonic zlutu, Polish żółty, Russian zeltyj "yellow;"
Sanskrit harih "yellow, tawny yellow," hiranyam "gold;"
Avestan zari "yellow;" Old English geolu, geolwe,
Modern English yellow,
German gelb "yellow") and "green" (cf.
Latin galbus "greenish-yellow;" Greekkhloros "greenish-yellow
color," kholos "bile;" Lithuanian zalias "green," zelvas "greenish;"
Old Church Slavonic zelenu, Polish zielony,
Russian zelenyj "green;" Old Irish glass,
Welsh and Breton glas "green," also "gray,
blue").
Buck says the
interchange of words for yellow and green is "perhaps because they were
applied to vegetation like grass, cereals, etc., which changed from green to
yellow." It is possible that this whole group of yellow-green words is
related to PIE root *ghlei- "to shine, glitter, glow, be warm"
(see gleam (n.))
Old English glæm "brilliant
light; brightness, splendor, radiance," from Proto-Germanic *glaimiz (cf.
Old Saxon glimo "brightness;" Middle High
German glim "spark," gleime "glowworm;"
German glimmen "to glimmer, glow;" Old Norse glija "to
shine, glitter"), from root *glim-, from PIE *ghel- "to
shine, glitter, glow" (see glass)
Old English glæs "glass,
a glass vessel," from West Germanic *glasam (cf. Old
Saxon glas, Middle Dutch and Dutch glas, German Glas,
Old Norse gler "glass, looking glass,"
Danish glar), from PIE *ghel- "to shine,
glitter" (cf. Latin glaber "smooth, bald,"
Old Church Slavonic gladuku, Lithuanian glodus "smooth"),
with derivatives referring to colors and bright materials, a word that is the
root of widespread words for gray, blue, green, and yellow (cf. Old
English glær "amber," Latin glaesum "amber,"
Old Irish glass "green, blue, gray," Welsh glas "blue;"
seeChloe).
Sense of "drinking glass" is early 13c.
1713, from
French gélatine (17c.) "clear jelly-like substance,
fish broth," from Italian gelatina, from gelata "jelly,"
from gelare "to jell," from Latin gelare "to
freeze" (see cold (adj.))
Old English cald (Anglian), ceald (West
Saxon) "cold, cool" (adj.), "coldness," from
Proto-Germanic *kaldaz (cf. Old Frisian and Old Saxon kald,
Old High German and German kalt, Old Norsekaldr, Gothic kalds "cold"),
possibly a past participle adjective of *kal-/*kol-, from PIE
root *gel-/*gol- "cold" (cf. Latin gelare "to
freeze," gelu "frost," glacies "ice").
1866, from
French calorie, from Latin calor (genitive caloris)
"heat," from PIE *kle-os-, suffixed form of root *kele- (1)
"warm" (cf. Latin calidus "warm," calere "be
hot;" Sanskrit carad-"harvest," literally
"hot time;" Lithuanian silti "become
warm," silus "August;" Old Norse hlær,
Old English hleow "warm").
"skin plates
on fish or snakes," c.1300, from Old French escale (12c.,
Modern French écale) "scale, husk," from Frankish or
some other Germanic source, from Proto-Germanic *skælo"split,
divide" (cf. Old High German scala "shell,"
Gothic skalja "tile," Old English scealu "shell,
husk), from PIE root *(s)kel- "to cut, cleave,
split" (cf. Latin culter "knife," scalpere "to
cut, scrape;" Old Church Slavonic skolika "mussel,
shell," Russian skala "rind, bark," Old
English scell "shell").
c.1300, presumably
from a Scandinavian source (though exact cognates are wanting) related to Old
Norse skalli "bald head," skalpr "sheath,"
from the source of scale (n.2).
French scalpe, German, Swedish skalp are from
English.
early 14c., from
Old French (h)able (14c.), from Latin habilem, habilis "easily
handled, apt," verbal adjective from habere "to
hold" (see habit).
Old English habban "to
own, possess; be subject to, experience," from Proto-Germanic *haben- (cf.
Old Norse hafa, Old Saxon hebbjan, Old Frisian habba,
German haben, Gothic haban "to have"),
from PIE *kap- "to grasp" (see capable).
Old English hæfen "haven,
port," from Old Norse höfn "haven, harbor" or
directly from Proto-Germanic *hafno- (cf. Danish havn,
Middle Low German havene, German Hafen), perhaps from
PIE *kap- "to seize, hold contain" (see have)
on notion of place that "holds" ships, but cf. also Old Norse haf,
Old English hæf "sea" (see haff).
Figurative sense of "refuge," now practically the only sense, is
c.1200.
also haaf,
Baltic lagoon, separated from open sea by a sandbar, German, from Middle Low
German haf "sea," related to Old Norse,
Swedish haf "the sea, especially "the high
sea," Danish hav, Old Frisian hef, Old
English hæf "sea," perhaps literally "the
rising one," and related to the root of heave.
Old English hebban "to
lift, raise; lift up, exalt" (class VI strong verb; past tense hof,
past participle hafen), from Proto-Germanic *hafjan (cf.
Old Norse hefja, Dutch heffen, German heben,
Gothic hafjan "to lift, raise"), from PIE *kap-yo-,
from root *kap- "to grasp" (see capable).
Old English bealcan "bring
up wind from the stomach," also "swell, heave," of echoic
origin (cf. Dutch balken "to bray, shout").
c.1200, bagge,
from Old Norse baggi or a similar Scandinavian source; not
found in other Germanic languages, perhaps ultimately of Celtic origin.
Disparaging slang for "woman" dates from 1924 (though various specialized
senses of this are much older).
1919, from Yiddish beygl,
from Middle High German boug- "ring, bracelet,"
from Old High German boug "a ring," related to Old
English beag "ring" (in poetry, an Anglo-Saxon
lord wasbeaggifa "ring-giver"), from
Proto-Germanic *baugaz-, from PIE root *bheug- (3)
"to bend," with derivatives referring to bent, pliable, or curved
objects (cf. Old High German biogan "to bend;"
see bow (v.)).
1630s, "a
trifle," from French bagatelle "knicknack, bauble,
trinket" (16c.), from Italian bagatella "a
trifle," diminutive of Latin baca "berry."
early 14c., "a
coming for the purpose of attack," from Old French venue "coming,"
from fem. past participle of venir "to come," from
Latin venire "to come," from PIE root *gwa- "to
go, come" (cf. Old English cuman "to come;"
see come).
Old English cuman "come,
approach, land; come to oneself, recover; arrive; assemble" (class IV
strong verb; past tense cuom, com, past
participle cumen), from Proto-Germanic *kwem- (cf.
Old Saxon cuman, Old Frisian kuma, Middle Dutch comen,
Dutch komen, Old High German queman, German kommen,
Old Norse koma, Gothic qiman), from PIE root *gwa-, *gwem- "to
go, come"
Old English ham "dwelling,
house, estate, village," from Proto-Germanic *haimaz (cf.
Old Frisian hem "home, village," Old Norse heimr "residence,
world," heima "home," Danish hjem,
Middle Dutch heem, German heim "home,"
Gothic haims "village"), from PIE root *tkei- "to
lie, settle down" (cf. Sanskrit kseti "abides,
dwells," Armenian shen "inhabited,"
Greek kome, Lithuanian kaimas "village;"
Old Church Slavonic semija "domestic servants").
Old English guttas (plural)
"bowels, entrails," related to geotan "to
pour," from PIE *gheu- "pour" (see found (v.2)).
Related to Middle Dutch gote, Dutch goot,
German Gosse "gutter, drain," Middle English gote "channel,
stream." Meaning "abdomen, belly" is from c.1400. Meaning
"easy college course" is student slang from 1916, probably from
obsolete slang sense of "feast" (the connecting notion is
"something that one can eat up"). Sense of "inside contents of
anything" (usually plural) is from 1570s. To hate (someone's)
guts is first attested 1918. The notion of the intestines as a seat
of emotions is ancient (cf. bowel)
Old English god "supreme
being, deity; the Christian God; image of a god; godlike person," from
Proto-Germanic *guthan (cf. Old Saxon, Old Frisian,
Dutch god, Old High German got, German Gott,
Old Norse guð, Gothic guþ), from PIE *ghut- "that
which is invoked" (cf. Old Church Slavonic zovo "to
call," Sanskrit huta- "invoked," an epithet
of Indra), from root*gheu(e)- "to call, invoke."
But some trace it to PIE *ghu-to- "poured," from root *gheu- "to pour, pour a libation" (source of Greek khein "to pour," also in the phrase khute gaia "poured earth,"
c.1300, from Old
French boele "intestines, bowels, innards" (12c.,
Modern French boyau), from Medieval Latin botellus "small
intestine," originally "sausage," diminutive of botulus"sausage,"
a word borrowed from Oscan-Umbrian, from PIE *gwet-/*geut- "intestine"
(cf. Latin guttur "throat," Old English cwið,
Gothic qiþus "belly, womb," German kutteln "guts,
chitterlings").
Since cut sounds like gut and god and cut is related to shear:
Old English sceran, scieran (class
IV strong verb; past tense scear, past participle scoren),
from Proto-Germanic *sker- "to cut"
Haynes
This
interesting surname has two distinct possible origins. Firstly, it may be a
patronymic form of the medieval male given name "Hain", itself
coming from the Old German "Hagano", originally a byname meaning
"hawthorn".
Read more: http://www.surnamedb.com/Surname/Haynes#ixzz2UKJgECIw
"enclosure,"
Old English haga "enclosure, hedge," from
Proto-Germanic *hag- (cf. Old Norse hagi, Old
Saxon hago, German Hag "hedge;" Middle
Dutch hage, Dutch haag, as in the city name The
Hague). See hag and hedge.
Meaning "fruit of the hawthorn bush" (Old English) is perhaps short
for *hægberie.
"hesitate in
speech," 1580s, imitative. Related: Hawed; hawing.
The noun in this sense is from c.1600. Haw-haw "style
of affected enunciation" is from 1841, imitative.
from Hawaiian Hawai'i,
from Proto-Polynesian *hawaiki. Said to mean "Place of the
Gods" and be a reference to Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa. See also sandwich.
Related: Hawaiian(1825). First record of Hawaiian shirt is
from 1955.
c.1300, hauk,
earlier havek (c.1200), from Old English hafoc (W.
Saxon), heafuc (Mercian), heafoc, from Proto-Germanic *habukaz (cf.
Old Norse haukr, Old Saxon habuc, Middle Dutchhavik,
Old High German habuh, German Habicht "hawk"),
from a root meaning "to seize," from PIE *kap- "to
grasp" (cf. Russian kobec "a kind of falcon;"
see capable).
Transferred sense of "militarist" attested from 1962.
early 13c.,
"ugly old woman," probably a shortening of Old English hægtesse "witch,
fury" (on assumption that -tesse was a suffix), from
Proto-Germanic *hagatusjon-, of unknown origin. Similar shortening
produced Dutch heks, German Hexe "witch"
from cognate Middle Dutch haghetisse, Old High German hagzusa.
First element is probably cognate with Old English haga "enclosure, portion of woodland marked off for cutting" (see hedge). Old Norse had tunriða and Old High German zunritha, both literally "hedge-rider," used of witches and ghosts. Second element may be connected with Norwegian tysja "fairy; crippled woman," Gaulish dusius "demon," Lithuanian dvasia "spirit," from PIE *dhewes- "to fly about, smoke, be scattered, vanish." One of the magic words for which there is no male form, suggesting its original meaning was close to "diviner, soothsayer," which were always female in northern European paganism, andhægtesse seem at one time to have meant "woman of prophetic and oracular powers" (Ælfric uses it to render the Greek "pythoness," the voice of the Delphic oracle), a figure greatly feared and respected. Later, the word was used of village wise women. Haga is also the haw- in hawthorn, which is an important tree in northern European pagan religion. There may be several layers of folk etymology here. Confusion or blending withheathenish is suggested by Middle English hæhtis, hægtis "hag, witch, fury, etc.," and haetnesse "goddess," used of Minerva and Diana.
Old English hecg,
originally any fence, living or artificial, from West Germanic *khagja (cf.
Middle Dutch hegge, Dutch heg, Old High German hegga,
German Hecke "hedge"), from PIE*kagh- "to
catch, seize; wickerwork, fence" (cf. Latin caulae "a
sheepfold, enclosure," Gaulish caio "circumvallation,"
Welsh cae "fence, hedge"). Related to Old
English haga "enclosure, hedge" (see haw).
Old English hu,
from West Germanic *hwo- (cf. Old Saxon hwo, Old
Frisian, Middle Dutch hu. Dutch hoe, German wie,
Gothic hvaiwa "how"), from common PIE
interrogative pronomial stem *kwo- (see who).
Native American
greeting, Siouxan (cf. Dakota hao, Omaha hau); first
recorded 1817 in English, but noted early 17c. by French missionary Jean de
Brebeuf among Hurons as an expression of approval (1636)
proper name, from
Old French Huard, from a Germanic source similar to Old High
German *Hugihard "heart-brave," or *Hoh-weard,
literally "high defender; chief guardian."
1680s, via
Dutch houwitser (1660s), German Haubitze from
Bohemian houfnice "a catapult," from houf "heap,
crowd," a loan-word from Middle High German hufe "heap."
surname, from
German Eisenhauer, literally "iron-cutter, iron-hewer,"
Old English sceawian "to
look at, see," from West Germanic *skauwojanan (cf. Old
Saxon skauwon "to look at," Old Frisian skawia,
Dutch schouwen, Old High German scouwon "to
look at;" Dutch schoon, Gothic skaunjai "beautiful,"
originally "conspicuous"), from Proto-Germanic root *skau- "behold,
look at," from PIE *skou-, variant of root *skeue- "to
pay attention, perceive" (see caveat).
Causal meaning "let be seen, put in sight, make known" evolved
c.1200 for unknown reasons and is unique to English (German schauen still
means "look at"). Spelling shew, popular 18c. and
surviving into early 19c., represents obsolete pronunciation (rhymes
with view).
late 14c.,
"produce an effect," also "impel, compel," from Old
French causer "to cause" (13c.) and directly from
Medieval Latin causare, from Latin causa "a
cause; a reason; interest; judicial process, lawsuit," of unknown
origin.
early 13c.,
"what befalls one; state of affairs," from Old French cas "an
event, happening, situation, quarrel, trial," from Latin casus "a
chance, occasion, opportunity; accident, mishap," literally "a
falling," from cas-, past participle stem of cadere "to
fall, sink, settle down, decline, perish" (used widely: of the setting
of heavenly bodies, the fall of Troy, suicides), from PIE root *kad- "to
lay out, fall or make fall, yield, break up" (cf. Sanskrit sad- "to
fall down," Armenian chacnum "to fall, become
low,"
c.1200, from Old
French cost (12c., Modern French coût)
"cost, outlay, expenditure; hardship, trouble," from Vulgar
Latin *costare, from Latin constare, literally
"to stand at" (or with), with a wide range of figurative senses
including "to cost."
c.1200, from a
Scandinavian source akin to Old Norse kasta "to
throw" (cf. Swedish kasta, Danish kaste, North
Frisian kastin), of uncertain origin. Meaning "to form in a
mold" is late 15c. In the sense of "warp, turn" it replaced
Old English weorpan (see warp (v.)),
and itself largely has been superseded now by throw,
though cast still is used of fishing lines and glances.
1550s, "a race
of men," from Latin castus "chaste,"
from castus "cut off, separated; pure" (via notion
of "cut off" from faults), past participle of carere "to
be cut off from" (and related tocastration),
from PIE *kas-to-, from root *kes- "to
cut" (cf. Latin cassus "empty, void").
Originally spelled cast in English and later often merged
with cast (n.)
in its secondary sense "sort, kind, style."
Application to Hindu social groups was picked up by English in India 1610s from Portuguese casta "breed, race, caste," earlier casta raça, "unmixed race," from the same Latin word. The current spelling of of the English word is from this reborrowing. Caste system is first recorded 1840.
"wheel and
swivel attached to furniture," 1748, agent noun from cast (v.)
in the old sense of "turn." Also sometimes castor.
"margin of the
land," early 14c.; earlier "rib as a part of the body" (early
12c.), from Old French coste "rib, side, flank; slope,
incline;" later "coast, shore" (12c., Modern French côte),
from Latin costa "a rib," perhaps related to a
root word for "bone" (cf. Old Church Slavonic kosti "bone,"
also see osseous).
late 15c., Latin,
in hypothetical comparisons, "as if, just as if, as though;" in
real comparisons "just as, as;" in approximation, "somewhat
like, nearly, not far from;" from quam "as"
relative pronomial adverb of manner (see who)
+ si "if," from PIE pronomial stem *swo- "so"
(see so).
Old English wesan,
wæs, wæron 1st and 3rd person singular of wesan "to
remain," from Proto-Germanic *wesanan (cf. Old
Saxon wesan, Old Norse vesa, Old Frisian wesa,
Middle Dutchwesen, Dutch wezen, Old High German wesen "being,
existence," Gothic wisan "to be"), from PIE
root *wes- "remain, abide, dwell" (cf.
Sanskrit vasati "he dwells, stays;" cf. vestal).Wesan was
a distinct verb in Old English, but it came to supply the past tense of am.
This began to develop in Proto-Germanic, because it is also the case in
Gothic and Old Norse. See be.
Old English wascan,
wæscan, from Proto-Germanic *watskanan (cf. Old
Norse vaska, Middle Dutch wasscen, Dutch wassen,
German waschen), from stem *wat-, the source of water.
Old English hwæg "whey,"
from Proto-Germanic *khwaja- (cf. Middle Dutch wey,
Dutch wei), of unknown origin.
Old English wegan "find
the weight of, have weight, lift, carry," from Proto-Germanic *weganan (cf.
Old Saxon wegan, Old Frisian wega, Dutch wegen "to
weigh," Old Norse vega, Old High German wegan "to
move, carry, weigh," German wiegen "to
weigh"), from PIE *wegh- "to move" (cf.
Sanskrit vahati "carries, conveys," vahitram "vessel,
ship;" Avestan vazaiti "he leads, draws;"
Greek okhos "carriage;" Latin vehere "to
carry, convey;" Old Church Slavonic vesti "to
carry, convey;" Lithuanian vezu "to carry,
convey;" Old Irish fecht "campaign, journey")
Old English weg "road,
path, course of travel," from Proto-Germanic *wegaz (cf.
Old Saxon, Dutch weg, Old Norse vegr, Old
Frisian wei, Old High German weg, German Weg,
Gothic wigs"way"), from PIE *wegh- "to
move" (see weigh).
c.1300, "to
go, glide, move," probably from Old Norse sveigja "to
bend, swing, give way," from Proto-Germanic *swaigijanan and
related to swag (v.)
and swing.
The sense of "swing, wave, waver" is first recorded c.1500.
Old English wealcan "to
toss, roll," and wealcian "to roll up, curl,
muffle up," from Proto-Germanic *welk- (cf. Old
Norse valka "to drag about," Danish valke "to
full," Middle Dutch walken"to knead, press, full,"
Old High German walchan "to knead," German walken "to
full"), perhaps ultimately from PIE root *wel- "to
turn, bend, twist, roll" (see vulva).
respelling of Old
English hw- attested from 11c., but not the common form
until after c.1400; also added to some borrowed words (whisk, whelk)
and some native words formerly spelled with simple w- or h- (whole, whore).
Proper pronunciation has been much in dispute in educated speech.
http://surnames.behindthename.com/name/weiss:
WEISS From Middle High German wiz meaning "white".
http://surnames.behindthename.com/name/wash:
WASH: Derived from the Old French name Gace, Old German Wazzo and Frisian Watso which all are diminutives of Old
German names beginning with Wad- or Warin-.
http://surnames.behindthename.com/name/wareMost
examples of this surname are probably derived from the Old English wær meaning
"(dweller by the) dam, weir". Some instances of this surname may
stem from the Middle English nicknamewar(e) meaning "wary, astute,
prudent".
Old English hwær, hwar,
from Proto-Germanic *khwar (cf. Old Saxon hwar,
Old Norse hvar, Old Frisian hwer, Middle Dutch waer,
Old High German hwar, German wo, Gothic hvar"where"),
from PIE interrogative base *qwo- (see who).
"manufactured
goods, goods for sale," Old English waru, probably
originally "object of care, that which is kept in custody," from
Proto-Germanic *waro (cf. Swedish vara,
Danish vare, Old Frisian were, Middle Dutch were,
Dutch waar, Middle High German, German ware "goods");
related to Old English wær "aware, cautious"
(see wary).
Usually wares, except in compounds such as hardware, earthenware,
etc. Lady ware was a jocular 17c. euphemism for "a
woman's private parts," and Middle English had ape-ware "deceptive
or false ware; tricks" (mid-13c.).
http://surnames.behindthename.com/name/wray
Denoted someone who hailed from any of the
various places of that name in Northern England from the Old Norse vrá meaning
"corner, recess".
http://surnames.behindthename.com/name/wareMost
examples of this surname are probably derived from the Old English wær meaning
"(dweller by the) dam, weir". Some instances of this surname may
stem from the Middle English nicknamewar(e) meaning "wary, astute,
prudent".
"to take heed
of, beware," Old English warian "to guard
against," from Proto-Germanic *warojan, from *waro- "to
guard, watch" (cf. Old Frisian waria, Old Norse vara);
related to Old English wær "aware" (see wary).
late 14c.,
"piece of land enclosed for breeding beasts and fowls," from
Anglo-French and Old North French warenne, Old French garenna "game
park," possibly from Gaulish *varenna"enclosed
area," related to *varros "post." Or the Old
French forms may derive from the present participle of Old French warir "defend,
keep," from the Germanic root *war- "to protect,
guard" (source of Old English warian "take
care;" see warrant (n.)).
Later especially "piece of land for breeding of rabbits" (c.1400),
which led to the transferred sense of "cluster of densely populated
living spaces" (1640s).
late Old English
(c.1050), wyrre, werre, from Old North French werre "war"
(Modern French guerre), from Frankish *werra, from
Proto-Germanic *werso (cf. Old Saxon werran, Old
High German werran, German verwirren "to
confuse, perplex"). Cognates suggest the original sense was "to
bring into confusion."
Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian guerra are from the same source; Romanic peoples turned to Germanic for a word to avoid Latin bellum because its form tended to merge with bello-"beautiful." There was no common Germanic word for "war" at the dawn of historical times. Old English had many poetic words for "war" (wig, guð, heaðo, hild, all common in personal names), but the usual one to translate Latin bellum was gewin "struggle, strife" (related to win).
c.1200,
"devastate, ravage, ruin," from Anglo-French and Old North
French waster "to spoil, ruin" (Old French guaster),
altered (by influence of Frankish *wostjan) from Latin vastare"lay
waste," from vastus "empty, desolate, waste"
(see vain).
The word also existed in Old English as westan. Meaning "to lose strength or health; pine; weaken" is attested from c.1300; the sense of "squander, spend or consume uselessly" is first recorded mid-14c.; meaning "to kill" is from 1964. Wasted "intoxicated" is slang from 1950s. The adjective is recorded from late 13c.
Old English west "in
or toward the west," from Proto-Germanic *wes-t- (cf.
Old Norse vestr, Old Frisian, Middle Dutch, Dutch west,
Old High German -west, only in compounds, Germanwest),
from PIE *wes- (source of Greek hesperos,
Latin vesper "evening, west"), perhaps an enlarged
form of root *we- "to go down" (cf. Sanskrit avah "downward"),
and thus literally "direction in which the sun sets." Cf. also High
German dialectal abend "west," literally
"evening."
Old English we,
from Proto-Germanic *wiz (cf. Old Saxon wi, Old
Norse ver, Danish vi, Old Frisian wi,
Dutch wij, Old High German and German wir, Gothic weis "we"),
from PIE *wei-(cf. Sanskrit vayam, Old Persian vayam,
Hittite wesh "we," Old Church Slavonic ve "we
two," Lithuanian vedu "we two").
Old English *willan, wyllan "to
wish, desire, want" (past tense wolde), from
Proto-Germanic *welljan (cf. Old Saxon willian,
Old Norse vilja, Old Frisian willa, Dutch willen,
Old High German wellan, German wollen, Gothic wiljan "to
will, wish, desire," Gothic waljan "to
choose"). The Germanic words are from PIE *wel-/*wol- "be
pleasing" (cf. Sanskrit vrnoti"chooses,
prefers," varyah "to be chosen, eligible,
excellent," varanam "choosing;" Avestan verenav- "to
wish, will, choose;" Greek elpis "hope;"
Latin volo, velle "to wish, will,
desire;" Old Church Slavonic voljo, voliti "to
will," veljo, veleti "to
command;" Lithuanian velyti "to wish,
favor," pa-vel-mi "I will," viliuos "I
hope;" Welsh gwell "better").
"well-being,"
Old English wela "wealth," in late Old English
also "welfare, well-being," from West Germanic *welon,
from PIE root *wel- "to wish, will" (see will (v.)).
Related to well(adv.).
"raised mark
on skin," 1821, alteration of wale (q.v.).
Old English (West
Saxon) weald "forest, woodland," specifically the
forest between the North and South Downs in Sussex, Kent, and Surrey; a West
Saxon variant of Anglian wald (seewold).
mid-13c.,
"happiness," also "prosperity in abundance of possessions or
riches," from Middle English wele "well-being"
(see weal (n.1))
on analogy of health.
"garments"
(now surviving, if at all, in widow's weeds), plural of archaic weed,
from Old English wæd, wæde "garment,
cloth," from Proto-Germanic *wedo (cf. Old Saxon wadi,
Old Frisian wede "garment," Old Norse vað "cloth,
texture," Old High German wat "garment"),
probably from PIE *wedh-, extended form of root *au- "to
weave." Archaic since early 19c.
|
"grass
mown," Old English heg (Anglian), hieg, hig (West
Saxon) "grass cut or mown for fodder," from Proto-Germanic *haujam (cf.
Old Norse hey, Old Frisian ha, Middle Dutch hoy,
German Heu, Gothic hawi "hay"),
literally "that which is cut," or "that which can be
mowed," from PIE *kau- "to hew, strike" (cf.
Old English heawan "to cut;" see hew).
Slang phrase hit the hay (pre-1880) was originally "to
sleep in a barn;" hay in the general figurative sense of
"bedding" (e.g. roll in the hay) is from 1903.
Levi: Means "attached" in Hebrew. In the Old Testament, Levi is the third son of Jacob and Leah, and the ancestor of one of the twelve tribes of the Israelites (the tribe that eventually became the priests of the Israelites). In the New Testament this is another name for the apostle Matthew. As an English Christian name, Levi came into use after the Protestant Reformation.http://surnames.behindthename.com/name/lavoie:
Related Names
OTHER LANGUAGES: Leui (Biblical Greek), Lewi (Biblical Hebrew), Leevi (Finnish)Popularity
United States
ranked #66 Canada (BC)
ranked #44
Derived from French voie "road". The name started as a nickname for someone who lived close to a road.
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